Table A1.
Effects of state unionization on weekly wages for fulltime, nonunion workers in the public sector, GLM models, 1977-2015
| Men | Women | |
|---|---|---|
| State-level measures | ||
| Public sector unionization | .314*** (.077) | .290*** (.066) |
| Private sector unionization | .295 (.204) | .409* (.200) |
| Proportion of workforce in public sector | .442 (.232) | .444 (.252) |
| Lagged employment rate | .179 (.592) | −.041 (.527) |
| GDP | .058*** (.015) | .052*** (.012) |
| GDP growth | −.179*** (.028) | −.116** (.039) |
| Proportion with at least a BA | 1.019*** (.186) | 1.042*** (.169) |
| Risk of automation | .152* (.067) | .097 (.068) |
| Proportion in manufacturing | −.140 (.163) | −.034 (.189) |
| Individual-level controls | ||
| Race (ref.=white) | ||
| Black | −.136*** (.014) | −.056*** (.013) |
| Hispanic | −.080*** (.021) | −.073*** (.015) |
| Other | −.033* (.016) | .003 (.017) |
| Missing | −.020 (.017) | .002 (.013) |
| Experience | .046*** (.001) | .026*** (.001) |
| Experience squared | −.001*** (.000) | −.000*** (.000) |
| Education (ref.=less than HS) | ||
| HS | .140*** (.006) | 118*** (.010) |
| Some college | .232*** (.008) | .188*** (.012) |
| At least 4 years of college | .476*** (.013) | .455*** (.013) |
| Hours worked per week | .015*** (.000) | .022*** (.001) |
| Metro (ref.=in city) | ||
| In rest of SMSA | −.145*** (.009) | −.131*** (.009) |
| Not in SMSA | −.097*** (.013) | −.092*** (.016) |
| Region (ref.=northeast) | ||
| North central | .037 (.024) | .035 (.025) |
| South | .090*** (.028) | 110*** (.030) |
| West | 109*** (.025) | 104*** (.026) |
| Intercept | 4.274*** (.595s) | 4.438*** (.573) |
| N | 150,829 | 188,010 |
| Number of parameters | 86 | 86 |
| AIC | 15.753 | 15.190 |
Notes: Results provide GLM estimates of models in Table 2. Robust standard errors clustered by state are in parentheses. All models also include year and occupation fixed-effects. Statistical significance (two-tailed tests) is indicated by:
***
p<.001,
**
p<.01,
*
p<.05.