Table A2.
Effects of state unionization on weekly wages for fulltime, nonunion workers in the private sector, GLM models, 1977-2015
| Men | Women | |
|---|---|---|
| State-level measures | ||
| Public sector unionization | .052 (.046) | .137** (.048) |
| Private sector unionization | .352* (.144) | .162 (.143) |
| Proportion of workforce in public sector | −.305 (.178) | −.366 (.199) |
| Lagged employment rate | −.211 (.246) | −.335 (.280) |
| GDP | .080*** (.011) | .064*** (.012) |
| GDP growth | −.184*** (.026) | −.128*** (.021) |
| Proportion with at least a BA | .695*** (.125) | .866*** (.124) |
| Risk of automation | .187*** (.046) | .065 (.053) |
| Proportion in manufacturing | −.191 (.119) | −.004 (.136) |
| Individual-level controls | ||
| Race (ref.=white) | ||
| Black | −.172*** (.006) | −.080*** (.007) |
| Hispanic | −.197*** (.014) | −.135*** (.014) |
| Other | −.090*** (.009) | −.049*** (.008) |
| Missing | −.016** (.006) | −.004 (.011) |
| Experience | .041*** (.001) | .026*** (.000) |
| Experience squared | −.001*** (.000) | −.000*** (.000) |
| Education (ref.=less than HS) | ||
| HS | .154*** (.006) | .134*** (.008) |
| Some college | .260*** (.008) | .241*** (.010) |
| At least 4 years of college | .551*** (.010) | .506*** (.012) |
| Hours worked per week | .021*** (.000) | .028*** (.000) |
| Metro (ref.=in city) | ||
| In rest of SMSA | −.096*** (.007) | −.130*** (.007) |
| Not in SMSA | −.036** (.013) | −.092***(.012) |
| Region (ref.=northeast) | ||
| North central | −.006 (.016) | −.009 (.014) |
| South | .029 (.018) | .030 (.018) |
| West | .065*** (.016) | .058*** (.017) |
| Intercept | 4.694*** (.267s) | 4.888*** (.294) |
| N | 1,202,178 | 1,033,069 |
| Number of parameters | 86 | 86 |
| AIC | 15.486 | 14.878 |
Notes: Results provide GLM estimates of models in Table 3. Robust standard errors clustered by state are in parentheses. All models also include year and occupation fixed-effects. Statistical significance (two-tailed tests) is indicated by:
***
p<.001
**
p<.01
*
p<.05.