Table 2.
Differences, Derived by LSM (95% Confidence Intervals), of Centrally Quantified Echocardiographic Parameters Between Cases and Control Subjects as a Function of Time Prior to the Index Time Point (i.e., Cardiomyopathy Diagnosis)∗
| ≥6 Yrs Prior to Index | 4 to <6 Yrs Prior to Index | 2 to <4 Yrs Prior to Index | <2 Yrs Prior to Index | Index Timepoint | All Times Prior to Index | >2 Yrs Prior to Index | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LV systolic function | |||||||
| 2D-derived FS, % | 4.0 (1.2 to 6.7) p = 0.005 |
3.1 (0.7 to 5.5) p = 0.013 |
2.8 (0.7 to 4.8) p = 0.008 |
3.0 (1.0 to 4.8) p = 0.003 |
8.4 (6.7 to 10.1) p < 0.001 |
3.2 (1.9 to 4.5) p < 0.001 |
3.3 (1.7 to 4.8) p < 0.001 |
| Biplane EF, % | 2.8 (−3.2 to 8.8) p = 0.364 |
2.8 (−1.4 to 7.0) p = 0.194 |
4.8 (1.5 to 8.1) p = 0.006 |
4.6 (1.6 to 7.6) p = 0.004 |
12.4 (9.8 to 15.0) p < 0.001 |
3.7 (1.3 to 6.1) p = 0.003 |
3.5 (0.5 to 6.4) p = 0.023 |
| Mitral Sʹ TDI, m/s | −0.005 (−0.025 to 0.015) p = 0.602 |
0.003 (−0.013 to 0.019) p = 0.700 |
0.007 (−0.007 to 0.021) p = 0.316 |
0.007 (−0.004 to 0.018) p = 0.193 |
0.027 (0.017 to 0.038) p < 0.001 |
0.003 (−0.005 to 0.011) p = 0.469 |
0.002 (−0.009 to 0.012) p = 0.745 |
| Septal Sʹ TDI, m/s | −0.005 (−0.014 to 0.003) p = 0.234 |
0.003 (−0.004 to 0.010) p = 0.406 |
0.003 (−0.004 to 0.009) p = 0.421 |
−0.003 (−0.008 to 0.003) p = 0.366 |
0.012 (0.007 to 0.017) p < 0.001 |
−0.001 (−0.004 to 0.003) p = 0.778 |
0.000 (−0.004 to 0.005) p = 0.952 |
| LV diastolic function | |||||||
| Mitral PW E/A ratio | 0.59 (0.21 to 0.96) p = 0.002 |
0.07 (−0.27 to 0.40) p = 0.699 |
0.45 (0.16 to 0.74) p = 0.002 |
0.24 (−0.02 to 0.50) p = 0.069 |
0.56 (0.32 to 0.80) p < 0.001 |
0.34 (0.16 to 0.51) p < 0.001 |
0.37 (0.16 to 0.58) p < 0.001 |
| Mitral Eʹ, m/s | 0.014 (−0.018 to 0.046); p = 0.405 |
0.004 (−0.022 to 0.029) p = 0.784 |
0.013 (−0.010 to 0.036) p = 0.268 |
−0.001 (−0.017 to 0.016) p = 0.930 |
0.045 (0.029 to 0.061) p < 0.001 |
0.007 (−0.007 to 0.021) p = 0.307 |
0.010 (−0.007 to 0.027) p = 0.257 |
| Mitral E/Eʹ ratio | 0.10 (−1.62 to 1.81) p = 0.913 |
−0.38 (−1.69 to 0.93) p = 0.567 |
0.06 (−1.23 to 1.35) p = 0.927 |
−0.26 (−1.15 to 0.62) p = 0.560 |
−0.77 (−1.63 to 0.08) p = 0.078 |
−0.12 (−0.92 to 0.67) p = 0.762 |
−0.08 (−1.04 to 0.89) p = 0.878 |
| Septal Eʹ TDI, m/s | −0.018 (−0.035 to −0.002) p = 0.032 |
0.010 (−0.004 to 0.023) p = 0.150 |
0.008 (−0.004 to 0.021) p = 0.192 |
−0.002 (−0.013−0.009) p = 0.751 |
0.018 (0.009 to 0.028) p < 0.001 |
0.000 (−0.008 to 0.007) p = 0.918 |
0.000 (−0.009 to 0.009) p = 0.991 |
| Septal E/Eʹ ratio | 1.74 (0.33 to 3.16) p = 0.016 |
−0.46 (−1.61 to 0.69) p = 0.431 |
−0.26 (−1.35 to 0.83) p = 0.639 |
−0.16 (−1.09 to 0.76) p = 0.729 |
−0.07 (−0.90 to 0.76) p = 0.867 |
0.21 (−0.46 to 0.89) p = 0.533 |
0.34 (−0.47 to 1.15) p = 0.413 |
| LV combined systolic/diastolic function | |||||||
| PW Doppler-derived MPI | 0.006 (−0.036 to 0.048) p = 0.788 |
−0.030 (−0.065 to 0.004) p = 0.088 |
−0.032 (−0.064 to 0.001) p = 0.055 |
−0.026 (−0.055 to 0.003) p = 0.084 |
−0.061 (−0.088 to −0.034) p < 0.001 |
−0.021 (−0.039 to −0.003) p = 0.026 |
−0.019 (−0.041 to 0.003) p = 0.093 |
| TDI-derived MPI | 0.020 (−0.043 to 0.084) p = 0.536 |
−0.042 (−0.091 to 0.008) p = 0.100 |
−0.032 (−0.075 to 0.011) p = 0.144 |
0.001 (−0.041 to 0.043) p = 0.962 |
−0.063 (−0.101 to −0.026) p = 0.001 |
−0.013 (−0.042 to 0.016) p = 0.374 |
−0.018 (−0.053 to 0.017) p = 0.314 |
| LV size and geometry | |||||||
| Posterior wall thickness, z-score | −0.26 (−0.81 to 0.30) p = 0.364 |
−0.11 (−0.58 to 0.35) p = 0.628 |
−0.16 (−0.57 to 0.25) p = 0.437 |
−0.03 (−0.39 to 0.33) p = 0.867 |
0.10 (−0.21 to 0.41) p = 0.532 |
−0.14 (−0.42 to 0.14) p = 0.330 |
−0.18 (−0.52 to 0.16) p = 0.305 |
| End-diastolic dimension, z-score | −0.28 (−1.04 to 0.47) p = 0.462 |
−0.87 (−1.49 to −0.25) p = 0.006 |
−1.09 (−1.64 to −0.55) p < 0.001 |
−0.81 (−1.31 to −0.32) p = 0.001 |
−1.18 (−1.62 to −0.74) p < 0.001 |
−0.77 (−1.19 to −0.34) p < 0.001 |
−0.75 (−1.24 to −0.26) p = 0.003 |
| Thickness to dimension ratio | −0.001 (−0.016 to 0.014) p = 0.864 |
0.005 (−0.008 to 0.018) p = 0.439 |
0.005 (−0.005 to 0.016) p = 0.321 |
0.006 (−0.004 to 0.016) p = 0.231 |
0.013 (0.004 to 0.022) p = 0.004 |
0.004 (−0.004 to 0.011) p = 0.323 |
0.003 (−0.006 to 0.012) p = 0.507 |
2D = 2-dimensional; EF = ejection fraction; FS = fractional shortening; LSM = least square means; LV = left ventricular; MPI = myocardial performance index; PW = pulsed wave Doppler derived; TDI = tissue Doppler imaging.
∗
Differences were based on comparisons of LSMs from longitudinal mixed models for each measure, including an interaction between case status and time period, using an autoregressive correlation structure between echocardiograms for the same patient. For example, at the index time point, the estimated FS is 8.4% greater in control subjects compared with cases; at the <2-year time point, the estimated FS is 3.0% greater in control subjects compared with cases.