Sensitivity of PCR detection of hyperparasitoids using primers DcarpF and DcarpR, as determined by titration of Dendrocerus carpenteri DNA. The concentration of Lysiphlebus testaceipes and Rhopalosiphum padi DNA was held constant at 10−2 host equivalents. Lane 1, 100 bp DNA ladder; Lane 2, 10−2 equivalents of D. carpenteri DNA; Lane 3, 10−3 equivalents of D. carpenteri DNA; Lane 4, 10−4 equivalents of D. carpenteri DNA; Lane 5, 10−5 equivalents of D. carpenteri DNA; Lane 6, 10−6 equivalents of D. carpenteri DNA; Lane 7, 10−7 equivalents of D. carpenteri DNA; Lane 8, 10−8 equivalents of D. carpenteri DNA; Lane 9, 10−9 equivalents of D. carpenteri DNA.