Table 3. Result of meta-analysis.
| Outcome | Type | Measurement | Included studies | No. of I (A)/C (B) | Hetero geneity | Mean difference (95% CI) | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I2 (%) | P-value | ||||||||
| Primary outcomes (physical function) | |||||||||
| Physical activity | BA | Total energy expenditure (kcal/day) | Jensen et al.19; Loughney et al.21 | 44/49 | 0 | 0.74 | 88.22 (−92.64, 269.08) | 0.34 | |
| BA | Step count (n/day) | 58 | 0.12 | 13.04 (−5.31, 31.39) | 0.16 | ||||
| BA | MET | 0 | 0.79 | 0.29 (0.07, 0.51) | 0.01 | ||||
| BA | Sleep duration (h/day) | 8 | 0.30 | 0.60 (−0.04, 1.23) | 0.07 | ||||
| BA | Lying down (h/day) | 0 | 0.95 | 0.23 (−1.00, 1.46) | 0.72 | ||||
| Physical performance (SPPB) | BA | Total score | Litterini et al.20 (cardiovascular); Litterini et al.20 (resistance) | 52/66 | 0 | 0.85 | 0.60 (−0.15, 1.36) | 0.12 | |
| BA | Balance score | 0 | 0.90 | 0.16 (−0.06, 0.39) | 0.15 | ||||
| BA | Gait score | 0 | 0.75 | 0.12 (−0.10, 0.34) | 0.28 | ||||
| BA | Chair stands score | 0 | 0.72 | 0.31 (−0.16, 0.78) | 0.20 | ||||
| Strength | BA | Leg press (kg) | Cormie et al.24; Jensen et al.19 (resistance); Quist et al.23; van den Dungen et al.26 | 119/130 | 0 | 0.41 | 12.18 (6.00, 18.35) | 0.0001 | |
| BA | Knee extensor (kg) | Jensen et al.19(resistance); Quist et al.23 | 82/44 | 0 | 0.35 | 2.43 (−0.45, 5.31) | 0.10 | ||
| BA | Bench press (kg) | Quist et al.23; van den Dungen et al.26 | 93/97 | 0 | 0.78 | 4.81 (0.85, 8.77) | 0.02 | ||
| BA | Abdominal crunch (kg) | 0 | 0.81 | 6.48 (2.01, 10.96) | 0.005 | ||||
| BA | Back (kg) | Jensen et al.19(resistance); Quist et al.23 | 82/44 | 0 | 0.74 | 5.17 (1.60, 8.75) | 0.005 | ||
| Cardiovascular endurance | BA | 6MWD (m) | Quist et al.23; van den Dungen et al.26 | 93/97 | 0 | 0.92 | 32.60 (−3.13, 68.34) | 0.07 | |
| Pain | IC | VAS (cm) | Cormie et al.17; Rief et al.16 | 40/40 | 0 | 0.32 | −0.32 (−1.20, 0.56) | 0.48 | |
| BA | VAS (cm) | Cormie et al.24; Litterini et al.20 (cardiovascular); Litterini et al.20 (resistance) | 67/86 | 0 | 0.70 | −0.02 (−0.61, 0.56) | 0.93 | ||
| Secondary outcomes (QOL, fatigue) | |||||||||
| QOL (SF-36) | IC | Physical function | Cormie et al.17; Jastrzebski et al.15 | 22/18 | 0 | 0.96 | 0.32 (−10.30, 10.94) | 0.95 | |
| IC | Role physical | 0 | 0.41 | 3.06 (−8.25, 14.37) | 0.60 | ||||
| IC | Bodily pain | 0 | 0.96 | −2.27 (−12.52, 7.98) | 0.66 | ||||
| IC | General health | 0 | 0.92 | −0.90 (−10.09, 8.28) | 0.85 | ||||
| IC | Vitality | 0 | 0.61 | 7.68 (−4.73, 20.10) | 0.23 | ||||
| IC | Social functioning | 0 | 0.32 | 3.52 (−6.36, 13.39) | 0.49 | ||||
| IC | Role emotional | 0 | 0.79 | 5.20 (−6.80, 17.19) | 0.40 | ||||
| IC | Mental health | 0 | 0.74 | 3.45 (−6.93, 13.83) | 0.51 | ||||
| IC | Physical health composite | 0 | 0.88 | 0.56 (−8.78, 9.90) | 0.91 | ||||
| IC | Mental health composite | 0 | 0.81 | 1.91 (−9.31, 13.14) | 0.74 | ||||
| BA | Physical function | Cormie et al.24; van den Dungen et al. 26 | 37/46 | 0 | 0.77 | 2.33 (−2.90, 7.57) | 0.38 | ||
| BA | Role physical | 0 | 0.52 | 2.98 (−3.39, 9.34) | 0.36 | ||||
| BA | Social functioning | 0 | 0.76 | 3.19 (−1.99, 8.37) | 0.23 | ||||
| BA | Vitality | 0 | 0.42 | 3.27 (−2.18, 8.71) | 0.24 | ||||
| QOL (EORTC-QLQ-30) | BA | Global health status/QOL | Jensen et al.19 (aerobic); Jensen et al.19 (resistance); van den Dungen et al.26 | 43/52 | 0 | 0.58 | 10.28 (2.53, 18.02) | 0.009 | |
| BA | Physical functioning | 0 | 0.98 | 2.74 (−1.47, 6.96) | 0.20 | ||||
| BA | Role functioning | Jensen et al.19 (aerobic); Jensen et al.19 (resistance) | 21/26 | 0 | 0.72 | 18.83 (5.20, 32.46) | 0.007 | ||
| BA | Emotional functioning | 0 | 0.64 | 8.95 (−5.69, 23.59) | 0.23 | ||||
| BA | Cognitive functioning | 0 | 0.35 | 7.15 (−8.52, 22.81) | 0.37 | ||||
| BA | Social functioning | Jensen et al.19 (aerobic); Jensen et al.19 (resistance); van den Dungen et al.26 | 43/52 | 0 | 0.80 | 6.62 (−3.01, 16.25) | 0.18 | ||
| BA | Fatigue | 50 | 0.13 | −15.21 (−28.46, −1.97) | 0.02 | ||||
| BA | Nausea, vomiting | Jensen et al.19 (aerobic); Jensen et al.19 (resistance) | 21/26 | 0 | 0.91 | −1.24 (−13.26, 10.78) | 0.84 | ||
| BA | Pain | 0 | 0.60 | 1.49 (−16.59, 19.56) | 0.87 | ||||
| BA | Dyspnoea | 0 | 0.75 | −5.26 (−22.47, 11.95) | 0.55 | ||||
| BA | Insomnia | 0 | 0.86 | −5.90 (−21.21, 9.40) | 0.45 | ||||
| BA | Appetite loss | 0 | 0.61 | −5.33 (−22.84, 18.18) | 0.66 | ||||
| BA | Constipation | 0 | 1.00 | 0.00 (−10.92, 10.92) | 1.00 | ||||
| BA | Diarrhoea | 0 | 0.84 | −8.24 (−27.61, 11.13) | 0.40 | ||||
| BA | Financial difficulties | 0 | 0.42 | −0.76 (−22.92, 21.40) | 0.95 | ||||
| Fatigue | BA | VAS (mm) | Litterini et al.20 (cardiovascular); Litterini et al.20 (resistance); van den Dungen et al.26 (ESAS); van den Dungen et al.26 (VAS) | 96/118 | 0 | 0.76 | −4.67 (−10.38, 1.04) | 0.11 | |
6MWD = 6-minute walk distance, A = after, B = before, BA = before-after study, C = comparator, CI = confidence interval, EORTC-QLQ-C30 = European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer quality of life questionnaire version C30, ESAS = Edmonton Symptom Assessment System, I = intervention, IC = intervention-comparator study, MET = metabolic equivalent of task, SF-36 = 36-item Short-Form Health Survey, SPPB = Short Physical Performance Battery, VAS = visual analogue scale, QOL = quality of life.