Table 4.

Summary of advantages and disadvantages of each MSC

	BM-MSC	AD-MSC	S-MSC	hUCB-MSC
Advantage	High chondrogenic and osteogenic potential	Easily accessible, reliable for isolation	Greater chondrogenic potential (same embryological origin as cartilage)	Direct delivery on defect
	Good expansion ability	Plentiful number of cells		Hypoimmunogenic
		Less affected by donor age		Histology: hyaline-like cartilage
Disadvantage	Donor site pain	Relatively lower chondrogenic potential	Less osteogenic potential	Surgical implantation
	Limited number of cells	Donor site morbidity (hematoma, infection)	Not easy to obtain	High cost
	More affected by donor age		Evidence still limited to preclinical studies	Not easy to obtain

MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; BM, bone marrow-derived; AD, adipose-derived; S, synovium-derived; hUCB, human umbilical cord blood-derived.