Table 2.
Descriptive characteristics and unadjusted odds ratios (OR) of late alcohol use during pregnancy and maternal and infant factors (N = 1729).
| Perinatal factors | Total | Column % | Alcohol use during pregnancy | ORs (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Row % | Yes | Row % | ||||
| Birth weight (g) | |||||||
| ≤2000 | 47 | 2.72 | 39 | 82.98 | 8 | 17.02 | 2.62 (1.19−5.79) |
| 2001−2500 | 111 | 6.42 | 101 | 90.99 | 10 | 9.01 | 1.27 (0.64−2.5) |
| 2501−3000 | 357 | 20.65 | 323 | 90.48 | 34 | 9.52 | 1.35 (0.89−2.04) |
| >3000 (Ref.) | 1214 | 70.21 | 1126 | 92.75 | 88 | 7.25 | — |
| Health insurance | |||||||
| Private insurance (Ref.) | 786 | 49.94 | 724 | 92.11 | 62 | 7.89 | — |
| Medicaid | 788 | 50.06 | 723 | 91.75 | 65 | 8.25 | 1.05 (0.73–1.51) |
| Intrauterine substance use | |||||||
| No (Ref.) | 1476 | 85.37 | 1359 | 92.07 | 117 | 7.93 | — |
| Yes | 253 | 14.63 | 230 | 90.91 | 23 | 9.09 | 1.16 (0.73−1.86) |
| NAS | |||||||
| No (Ref.) | 1649 | 95.37 | 1517 | 92 | 132 | 8 | — |
| Yes | 80 | 4.63 | 72 | 10 | 8 | 10 | 1.28 (0.6−2.71) |
| NICU admission | |||||||
| No (Ref.) | 1613 | 93.29 | 1488 | 92.25 | 125 | 7.75 | — |
| Yes | 116 | 6.71 | 101 | 87.07 | 15 | 12.93 | 1.77 (0.99–3.13) |
| Feeding intention | |||||||
| Bottle or both | 756 | 43.72 | 683 | 90.34 | 73 | 9.66 | 1.45 (1.02−2.04) |
| Breast (Ref.) | 973 | 56.28 | 906 | 93.11 | 67 | 6.89 | — |
| Breastfed exclusively | |||||||
| No | 1109 | 64.14 | 1006 | 90.71 | 103 | 9.29 | 1.61 (1.09−2.38) |
| Yes (Ref.) | 620 | 35.86 | 583 | 94.03 | 37 | 5.97 | — |
| Gestational age (GA) | |||||||
| Preterm | 231 | 13.36 | 201 | 87.01 | 30 | 12.99 | 1.88 (1.23−2.89) |
| Term (Ref.) | 1498 | 86.64 | 1388 | 92.66 | 110 | 7.34 | — |
| Size for gestational age | |||||||
| SGA | 128 | 7.46 | 114 | 89.06 | 14 | 10.94 | 0.73 (0.36−1.48) |
| AGA (Ref.) | 1440 | 83.92 | 1323 | 91.88 | 117 | 8.13 | |
| LGA | 148 | 8.62 | 139 | 93.92 | 9 | 6.08 | 1.39 (0.78−2.50) |
| Maternal age | |||||||
| <19 (Ref.) | 113 | 6.54 | 109 | 96.46 | 4 | 3.54 | — |
| ≥19 | 1616 | 93.46 | 1480 | 91.58 | 136 | 8.42 | 2.50 (0.91−6.89) |
| Maternal education | |||||||
| ≤10 grades | 139 | 8.04 | 127 | 91.37 | 62 | 7.89 | 1.05 (0.73−1.51) |
| ≥11 grades (Ref.) | 1590 | 91.96 | 1462 | 91.75 | 65 | 8.25 | — |
| Previous pregnancies | |||||||
| 0 (Ref.) | 479 | 27.7 | 448 | 93.53 | 31 | 6.47 | — |
| ≥1 | 1250 | 72.3 | 1141 | 91.28 | 109 | 8.72 | 1.38 (0.91−2.09) |
| Smoking | |||||||
| No (Ref.) | 1356 | 78.43 | 1264 | 93.22 | 92 | 6.78 | — |
| Yes | 373 | 21.57 | 325 | 87.13 | 48 | 12.78 | 2.03 (1.40−2.94) |
| Race | |||||||
| Other (Ref.) | 134 | 7.88 | 124 | 92.54 | 10 | 7.46 | — |
| White | 1566 | 92.12 | 1440 | 91.95 | 126 | 8.05 | 1.09 (0.56−2.12) |
|
Post-hoc analysis: Birth weight (g) in Term Births only (n = 1498) | |||||||
| ≤2000 and 2001–2500a | 44 | 2.94 | 40 | 90.91 | 4 | 9.09 | 1.32 (0.46–3.77) |
| 2501–3000 | 277 | 18.49 | 254 | 90.70 | 23 | 8.30 | 1.19 (0.74–1.93) |
| >3000 (Ref.) | 1177 | 78.57 | 1094 | 92.95 | 83 | 7.05 | — |
Bold ORs = Statistically significant factors (p < 0.05)
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, NAS Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
aCombining rows due to low cell count: ≤2000 frequency = 2 (0.13%) merged with 2001–2500 category frequency = 42 (2.8%)