Table 3.

Common patterns of change in physiological activity.

	IBI	RSA	PEP	LVET	SV	CO	Description	Freq	Rel. freq (%)
1	+	+	nc	+	+	+	PNS activation (uncoupled); slower heart rate, decreased contractility, increased blood flow	9	4.11
2	+	+	–	+	+	+	PNS and SNS activation (coactivation); slower heart rate, increased contractility, increased blood flow	8	3.65
3	–	–	nc	–	–	–	PNS withdrawal (uncoupled); faster heart rate, increased contractility, decreased blood flow	7	3.20
4	+	–	–	+	+	+	PNS withdrawal, SNS activation (reciprocal); slower heart rate, increased contractility, increased blood flow	7	3.20
5	+	–	–	nc	+	+	PNS withdrawal, SNS activation (reciprocal); slower heart rate, increased contractility, increased blood flow	7	3.20
6	+	–	nc	nc	+	+	PNS withdrawal (uncoupled); slower heart rate, increased blood flow	7	3.20
7	+	–	nc	+	+	+	PNS withdrawal (uncoupled); slower heart rate, decreased contractility, increased blood flow	5	2.28
8	+	–	nc	nc	nc	+	PNS withdrawal (uncoupled); slower heart rate, increased blood flow	5	2.28
9	+	nc	–	+	+	+	SNS activation (uncoupled); slower heart rate, increased contractility, increased blood flow	5	2.28
10	+	nc	nc	+	+	+	Negligible change in PNS/SNS activity; slower heart rate, decreased contractility, increased blood flow	5	2.28

Change score effect sizes for each feature were calculated similarly to Cohen’s d for a one-sample t test⁵⁶ and were interpreted according to published recommendations⁵⁴. Change score effect sizes were classified as ‘negligible change’ (nc) if they fell between − .2 and .2, ‘decrease’ (−) if they were equal to or less than −.2, and ‘increase’ ( +) if they were equal to or greater than .2.