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. 2020 Jul 27;10:12543. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-69159-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Climatology of 2 m temperature (shaded, in °C) and mean sea level pressure (contour, in hPa) of ERA-Interim averaged for the month of August in the 1979–2015 period. Velocities at 10° W in m/s. (b) Vertical velocity component: positive (negative) values are updraft (downdraft) winds; (c) Zonal velocities: positive (negative) values are westerly (easterly) wind; (d) Meridional velocities: positive (negative) values indicate southerly (northerly) wind. All these data are averaged for the month of August over the 1979–2015 period. The rainbelt band located between 5° N and 15°N is represented in plot (b). In addition, the approximative location of the Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ), the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) and the monsoon flow are labeled in plot (c) while the southerly Shallow Meridional Cell (SMC) and the InterTropical Discontinuity (ITD) are shown in plot (d). Map in panel (a) is done with Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS) Version 2.2.0. The URL is http://cola.gmu.edu/grads/.