Table 4.
Functional Recovery (i.e. GAF-D ⩾ 60) at 10 years (unless specified, number included in analyses = 286)
| Not recovered (N = 169) N (%) or mean (s.d.) | Recovered (N = 117) N (%) or mean (s.d.) | Unadj.OR | 95% CI | p | Adj.OR (1)a | 95% CI | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||||||||
| Study Centre | ||||||||
| London | 122 (72.2) | 61 (52.1) | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Nottingham | 47 (27.8) | 56 (47.9) | 2.38 | 1.45–3.91 | 0.001 | 1.88 | 1.02–3.48 | 0.043 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Men | 105 (62.1) | 53 (45.3) | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Women | 64 (37.9) | 64 (54.7) | 1.98 | 1.23–3.20 | 0.005 | 2.19 | 1.30–3.68 | 0.003 |
| Age | ||||||||
| 16–29 | 93 (55.0) | 58 (49.6) | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| 30–64 | 76 (45.0) | 59 (50.4) | 1.24 | 0.78–2.00 | 0.364 | 1.29 | 0.77–2.16 | 0.325 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||
| White British | 50 (29.6) | 61 (52.1) | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Other | 119 (70.4) | 56 (47.9) | 0.39 | 0.24–0.63 | <0.001 | 0.50 | 0.28–0.89 | 0.018 |
| Social | ||||||||
| Index of social disadvantageb | ||||||||
| 0, 1 | 16 (11.9) | 38 (38.0) | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| 2 | 34 (25.4) | 25 (25.0) | 0.31 | 0.14–0.68 | 0.003 | 0.35 | 0.15–0.82 | 0.015 |
| 3 | 43 (32.1) | 21 (21.0) | 0.21 | 0.09–0.45 | <0.001 | 0.22 | 0.09–0.52 | 0.001 |
| 4 | 41 (30.6) | 16 (16.0) | 0.16 | 0.07–0.37 | <0.001 | 0.18 | 0.07–0.44 | <0.001 |
| Loss, separation from parentc | ||||||||
| None | 58 (45.7) | 53 (55.8) | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Loss (parent died) | 12 (9.5) | 8 (8.4) | 0.73 | 0.28–1.92 | 0.524 | 0.52 | 0.18–1.54 | 0.239 |
| Separation from parent | 57 (44.9) | 34 (35.8) | 0.65 | 0.37–1.15 | 0.139 | 0.73 | 0.39–1.38 | 0.336 |
| Educationd | ||||||||
| University | 12 (7.5) | 20 (17.2) | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Further | 49 (30.4) | 30 (25.9) | 0.37 | 0.16–0.86 | 0.021 | 0.53 | 0.22–1.31 | 0.171 |
| GCSE | 39 (24.2) | 35 (30.2) | 0.54 | 0.23–1.26 | 0.153 | 0.85 | 0.34–2.13 | 0.726 |
| No qualifications | 61 (37.9) | 31 (26.7) | 0.30 | 0.13–0.70 | 0.005 | 0.40 | 0.16–0.99 | 0.047 |
| Early symptom course | ||||||||
| Remission at 12 weekse | ||||||||
| No | 118 (79.2) | 48 (44.0) | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Yes | 31 (20.8) | 61 (56.0) | 4.84 | 2.80–8.36 | <0.001 | 4.43 | 2.46–7.98 | <0.001 |
| % time on med, first 3 monthsf,g | 65.5 (39.4) | 70.1 (37.1) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.01 | 0.363 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.884 |
| Clinical | ||||||||
| Mode of onseth | ||||||||
| Acute | 51 (35.2) | 58 (54.7) | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Insidious | 94 (64.8) | 48 (45.3) | 0.45 | 0.27–0.75 | 0.002 | 0.41 | 0.23–0.73 | 0.021 |
| DUPh | ||||||||
| Short | 68 (42.0) | 71 (61.2) | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Long | 94 (58.0) | 45 (38.8) | 0.46 | 0.28–0.75 | 0.002 | 0.41 | 0.24–0.71 | 0.001 |
| Diagnosis | ||||||||
| Non-affective | 145 (85.8) | 63 (53.9) | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Mania | 7 (4.1) | 33 (28.2) | 10.85 | 4.56–25.84 | <0.001 | 11.28 | 4.40–28.92 | <0.001 |
| Depression | 17 (10.1) | 21 (17.9) | 2.84 | 1.41–5.75 | 0.004 | 2.64 | 1.20–5.85 | 0.016 |
| Dimensionsi | ||||||||
| Reality distortion | 3.9 (3.0) | 3.5 (2.5) | 0.95 | 0.87–1.03 | 0.225 | 0.99 | 0.90–1.09 | 0.864 |
| Negative | 1.5 (2.2) | 0.9 (1.4) | 0.83 | 0.72–0.96 | 0.011 | 0.78 | 0.66–0.92 | 0.003 |
| Disorganised | 0.7 (0.9) | 0.7 (0.9) | 1.06 | 0.81–1.38 | 0.686 | 1.04 | 0.78–1.40 | 0.775 |
| Mania | 1.0 (2.0) | 2.5 (3.3) | 1.25 | 1.12–1.39 | <0.001 | 1.26 | 1.12–1.41 | <0.001 |
| Depression | 1.2 (1.8) | 1.3 (1.8) | 1.04 | 0.91–1.20 | 0.532 | 1.02 | 0.88–1.19 | 0.757 |
| Symptom severityi | 8.3 (4.5) | 8.9 (4.9) | 1.03 | 0.98–1.09 | 0.262 | 1.04 | 0.98–1.10 | 0.188 |
a
Adjusted for, as appropriate, centre, sex, age (as continuous variable), and ethnicity.
b
Missing, 52.
c
Missing, 64.
d
Missing, 9.
e
Missing, 28.
f
Missing, 58.
g
Note, no variable for percentage of time on medication during first year following contact was associated with recovery.
h
Missing, 35.
i
Missing, 22.