Table 2.
Mean energy intake and mean intakes of macro- and micronutrients by sex group.
| Total (n = 34) | Men (n = 24) | Women (n = 10) | P-value | Dietary recommendations (DR) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | |||||
| Energy intake (kcal), mean (SD), % achieving DR | 2,194 (±581), 61.8 | 2,230 (±632), 62.5 | 2,109 (±455), 60 | 0.8 | 1,744–3,025 | 1,283–2,173 |
| Macronutrients | ||||||
| Water (l), mean (SD), % achieving DR | 2.1 (±0.5), 2.9 | 2.1 (±0.5), 0 | 2.1 (±0.5), 10 | 0.9 | 3.7 l | 2.7 l |
| Protein (E%), mean (SD), % achieving DR | 16.8 (±4.0), 100 | 17.1 (±2.4), 100 | 17.0 (±2.2), 100 | 0.8 | 10–35 E% | |
| Carbohydrates, total (E%), mean (SD), % achieving DR | 44.3 (±14.2), 56 | 44.8 (±7.4), 58.3 | 43.3 (±8.3), 50 | 0.8 | 45–65 E% | |
| Mono- and disaccharides (E%), mean (SD) | 20.4 (±6.1) | 20.8 (±5.6) | 19.5 (±4.3) | 0.4 | NA | |
| Starch (E%), mean (SD) | 20.8 (±6.1) | 21.4 (±6.0) | 19.2 (±6.5) | 0.4 | NA | |
| Dietary fiber (g), mean (SD), % achieving DR | 26.2 (±7.7), 50 | 26.2 (±8.5), 37.5 | 26.1 (±8.5), 80 | 0.2 | 30 g | 21 g |
| Fat, total (E%), mean (SD), % achieving DR | 35.9 (±10.7), 50 | 35.1 (±4.9), 58.3 | 37.8 (±5.7), 30 | 0.5 | 20–35 E% | |
| SFA (E%), mean (SD) | 14.3 (±3.1) | 14.2 (±3.0) | 14.5 (±3.5) | 0.7 | NA | |
| MUFA (E%), mean (SD) | 12.1 (±2.1) | 12.1 (±2.1) | 12.0 (±1.9) | 0.6 | NA | |
| PUFA (E%), mean (SD), % achieving DR | 6.7 (±1.4), 88.2 | 6.4 (±1.0), 91.7 | 7.5 (±1.9), 80 | 0.7 | 5–10 E% | |
| Cholesterol (mg), mean (SD) | 291.8 (±116.4) | 292.6 (±107.1) | 289.8 (±142.5) | 0.8 | NA | |
| Micronutrients | ||||||
| Vitamin A (μg), mean (SD), % achieving DR | 1123.5 (±146.7), 100 | 1089.1 (±138.6), 100 | 1206.2 (±138.1), 100 | 0.03 | 625 | 500 |
| Vitamin B1 (mg), mean (SD), % achieving DR | 1.8 (±0.7), 88.2 | 1.9 (±0.7), 87.5 | 1.5 (±0.5), 90 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.9 |
| Vitamin B2 (mg), mean (SD), % achieving DR | 1.6 (±0.3), 100 | 1.6 (±0.3), 100 | 1.6 (±0.3), 100 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.9 |
| Vitamin B12 (μg), mean (SD), % achieving DR | 7.2 (±0.3), 100 | 7.2 (±0.3), 100 | 7.1 (±0.4), 100 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
| Vitamin C (mg), mean (SD), % achieving DR | 153.7 (±26.8), 100 | 150.5 (±23.8), 100 | 161.5 (±33.1), 100 | 0.2 | 75 | 60 |
| Vitamin D (μg), mean (SD), % achieving DR | 10.1 (±3.9), 44.1 | 10.0 (±4.3), 37.5 | 10.6 (±2.9), 60 | 0.7 | 10 | 10 |
| Iron (mg), mean (SD), % achieving DR | 4.4 (±3.0), 23.5 | 4.0 (±2.7), 16.7 | 5.2 (±3.5), 40 | 0.4 | 6.0 | 5.0 |
| Copper (μg), mean (SD), % achieving DR | 2053.4 (±200.4), 100 | 2105.5 (±200.3), 100 | 1928.2 (±141.5), 100 | 0.02 | 700 | 700 |
| Zinc (mg), mean (SD), % achieving DR | 12.7 (±4.6), 85.3 | 13.0 (±4.9), 79.2 | 11.7 (±3.7), 100 | 0.4 | 9.4 | 6.8 |
The reference for all dietary recommendations is the Institute of Medicine. The AR of energy intake for both men (length 170–185 cm, aged 60–70) and women (length 145–160 cm, aged 60–70) is a range of energy intakes based on PAL 1.4–1.8. RI for protein, total carbohydrates and fat; AI for fatty acids and dietary fiber are presented. AR, average requirement; EAR, estimated average requirement; RI, reference intake; AI, adequate intake; SFA, saturated fatty acids; MUFA, mono-unsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, poly-unsaturated fatty acids; SD, standard deviation; NA, not applicable; DR, Dietary recommendations. Significance at 0.05 level.