Table 4.
Regression analysis of score changes from baseline to post-test evaluating training effects.
| Tests | Coefficient Estimates (Std Err) | 97.5% CI Lower Bound | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
|
IVR Exercise Scores | |||
| Smooth Pursuits | 74.18 (14.5) | 45.44 | <.0001 |
| Saccades | 95.78 (13.6) | 68.92 | <.0001 |
| Near Point Convergence | 38.02 (14.7) | 8.99 | 0.005 |
| Peripheral Vision | 43.98 (8.6) | 27.01 | <.0001 |
| Visual Figure | 127.73 (12.6) | 102.74 | <.0001 |
| Joint Position Target | 41.93 (11.1) | 20 | 0.0001 |
| Neuromotor Maze | 41.96 (10.7) | 20.66 | 0.0001 |
| Cervical Posture | 11.22 (19.1) | -20.62 | 0.279 |
| Balance |
1.83 (19) |
-35.74 |
0.462 |
|
Clinical Test Scores | |||
| Near-Point Convergence | -0.33 (0.2) | -0.79 | 0.923 |
| CCFT Highest 3 Second Hold | 0.89 (0.2) | 0.502 | <.0001 |
| DNFT Time Held (Seconds) |
8.63 (3.6) |
1.55 |
0.009 |
|
Cervical Isometric Measurements | |||
| Flexion (Force) | 11.38 (2.4) | 6.55 | <.0001 |
| Flexion (Percent) | 6.82 (1.4) | 4.01 | <.0001 |
| Extension (Force) | 8.23 (1.9) | 4.47 | <.0001 |
| Extension (Percent) | 4.84 (1.1) | 2.64 | <.0001 |
| Left Side Flexion (Force) | 6.15 (1.8) | 2.61 | 0.0004 |
| Left Side Flexion (Percent) | 3.71 (1.1) | 1.51 | 0.001 |
| Right Side Flexion (Force) | 8.18 (1.7) | 4.85 | <.0001 |
| Right Side Flexion (Percent) | 5.01 (1.1) | 2.91 | <.0001 |
| Left Rotation (Force) | 5.97 (1.5) | 3.04 | <.0001 |
| Left Rotation Flexion (Percent) | 3.56 (1) | 1.54 | 0.0004 |
| Right Rotation (Force) | 6.21 (1.5) | 3.32 | <.0001 |
| Right Rotation Flexion (Percent) |
3.92 (1) |
2 |
<.0001 |
|
Sway Scores – Balance | |||
| Feet Together | 6.89 (2.2) | 2.55 | 0.001 |
| Tandem Right | 7.18 (2.6) | 2.04 | 0.003 |
| Tandem Left | 4.65 (1.8) | 1.1 | 0.005 |
| Single Leg Stance (R) | 8.66 (3.1) | 2.47 | 0.003 |
| Single Leg Stance (L) | 9.72 (3) | 3.87 | 0.0007 |
| Overall Balance |
6.04 (1.6) |
2.93 |
0.0001 |
|
Sway Scores – Reaction Time | |||
| Simple | 0.65 (1.4) | -2.07 | 0.319 |
| Impulse Control | 0.73 (1.1) | -1.48 | 0.257 |
| Inspection | 1.9 (0.8) | 0.36 | 0.008 |
IVR = Virtual Reality; CCFT = Cranial-Cervical Flexion Test; DNFT = Deep-Neck Flexor Test: all cervical isometrics measured in pounds of force; percentage should be interpreted as percent of max force calculated based off total body weight. All balance stances were completed with the participants eyes closed.