Table 8.
Outcome characteristics of post-test to follow-up scores in the experimental group.
| Post-test Mean (SD) |
Follow-up Mean (SD) |
P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
IVR Exercise Scores | |||
| Smooth Pursuits† | 234.45 (92.1) | 214.15 (85.5) | 0.041 |
| Saccades | 427.03 (68.1) | 426.55 (65.7) | 0.578 |
| Near Point Convergence | 184.08 (98) | 203.03 (106.1) | 0.046 |
| Peripheral Vision† | 342.14 (47.4) | 336.74 (41.9) | 0.268 |
| Visual Figure† | 409.93 (74.2) | 403.03 (57.3) | 0.229 |
| Joint Position Target | 237.63 (49.8) | 231.41 (52.4) | 0.366 |
| Neuromotor Maze† | 292.22 (72.1) | 308.53 (65.3) | 0.071 |
| Cervical Posture† | 314.63 (101.3) | 308.89 (103.5) | 0.93 |
| Balance |
253.07 (112.1) |
254.52 (105.2) |
0.903 |
|
Clinical Test Outcomes | |||
| Convergence† | 2.02 (2) | 2.2 (1.9) | 0.171 |
| CCFT Highest 3 Second Hold† | 28.96 (1.4) | 28.76 (1.6) | 0.577 |
| DNFT Time Held (Seconds) |
44.52 (21.9) |
55.51 (28.3) |
0.0004 |
|
Cervical Isometric Measurements | |||
| Flexion (Force)† | 44.11 (18.1) | 41.38 (17.8) | 0.461 |
| Flexion (Percent)† | 28.16 (10.3) | 26.67 (10.5) | 0.589 |
| Extension (Force)† | 52.52 (16.4) | 50.34 (16.7) | 0.206 |
| Extension (Percent)† | 33.72 (8.8) | 32.79 (10.7) | 0.28 |
| Left Side Flexion (Force)† | 35.05 (13.1) | 32.76 (12.8) | 0.022 |
| Left Side Flexion (Percent)† | 22.52 (7.7) | 20.96 (7.6) | 0.026 |
| Right Side Flexion (Force) | 34.91 (12.3) | 32.6 (12.4) | 0.064 |
| Right Side Flexion (Percent) | 22.44 (7.4) | 20.86 (7.3) | 0.068 |
| Left Rotation (Force)† | 28.17 (11.8) | 26.34 (11.2) | 0.091 |
| Left Rotation Flexion (Percent)† | 18.14 (7.3) | 16.74 (6.5) | 0.08 |
| Right Rotation (Force)† | 27.62 (11.1) | 26.67 (12.4) | 0.337 |
| Right Rotation Flexion (Percent) |
17.81 (7.2) |
17.01 (7.6) |
0.544 |
|
Sway Scores – Balance | |||
| Feet Together† | 95.38 (7.7) | 94.94 (8) | 0.292 |
| Tandem Right† | 87.81 (15.4) | 89.36 (11.7) | 0.604 |
| Tandem Left† | 92.4 (8.6) | 92.71 (8) | 0.272 |
| Single Leg Stance (R)† | 83.39 (16.4) | 83.8 (14.9) | 0.899 |
| Single Leg Stance (L)† | 86.15 (12.8) | 86.29 (14.4) | 0.984 |
| Overall Balance† |
89.03 (9.8) |
89.42 (8.5) |
0.833 |
| Sway Scores – Reaction Time | |||
| Simple | 76.49 (8.1) | 73.77 (8.5) | 0.008 |
| Impulse Control | 64.61 (7.2) | 63.11 (6.6) | 0.084 |
| Inspection† | 94.64 (4.1) | 94.54 (5.5) | 0.962 |
†
Wilcoxon signed-rank test; Neuromotor maze (n = 50) post-test and (n = 30) follow-up; remainder of IVR scores included (n = 71–73) at post-test and (n = 62–66) at follow-up. IVR = Virtual Reality; CCFT = Cranial-Cervical Flexion Test; DNFT = Deep-Neck Flexor Test. R = right; L = left. All cervical isometrics measured in pounds of force; percentage should be interpreted as percent of max force calculated based off total body weight. All balance stances were completed with the participants eyes closed.