Table 1.

Summary of prior studies investigating the prevalence and significance of AR expression in urothelial carcinoma.

	Samples size, n	Method of assessment	Key findings
Birtle et al., 2004 [48]	17	IHC	•2+/3+ AR expression in 52% of samples •No expression in normal urothelium
Boorjian et al., 2004 [26]	49	IHC	•53% of samples expressed AR • Prevalence of AR expression decreased in: Tumor tissue (53%) vs. normal urothelium (86%) MIBC (21%) vs. NMIBC (75%) High grade (49%) vs. low grade (89%)
Ide et al., 2017 [49]	2 049	Meta-analysis	•Similar AR expression in normal tissue vs. tumor tissue • AR expression strongly correlated with: Gender (male vs. female) Tumor grade (low grade vs. high grade)
Kauffman et al., 2011 [28]	72	IHC	• Decreased AR expression in: Tumor vs. normal tissue (51% vs. 84%) MIBC vs. NMIBC
Kashiwagi et al., 2016[27]	99	IHC	•Decreased AR expression in tumor (20%) vs. normal tissue (57%) •No correlation with DSM
Elzamy et al., 2018 [50]	106	IHC	•AR positivity in 35% • AR expression more frequent in MIBC (41%) vs. NMIBC (19%) High grade (52%) vs. low grade (15%) •No correlation of AR expression with RFS
Nam et al., 2014 [51]	169	IHC	•AR expression seen in 37% of samples •AR expression associated with improved RFS/PFS in NMIBC
Sikic et al., 2019 [53]	41a/323b	Gene expression analysis	•Significantly lower AR mRNA expression in MIBC vs. NMIBCa •Similar AR mRNA expression in males vs. femalesa •AR mRNA expression highest in luminal subtypeb •AR expression associated with worse DFS and OSb

AR, androgen receptor; DSM, disease-specific mortality; RFS, recurrence-free survival; IHC, immunohistochemistry; MIBC, muscle invasive bladder cancer; NMIBC, non-muscle invasive bladder cancer; PFS, progression-free survival; DFS, disease-free survival; OS, overall survival.

^aInstitutional Cohort.

^bThe Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort.