Table 4.

Polymorphisms of immune-related CD markers and prognostic effects in hematological malignancies.

CD markers	Chr.	Annotation name	Function	SNP	Location	Malignancy	Method	Effect	Ref.
CD284	9q33.1	TLR4	Plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity	rs11536889 rs1927911	3 ׳-UTR Intron	ALL	PCR	Association with the risk of developing neutropenia and infectious complications	36
				rs6478317 rs4986790	Promoter Exon 5	AML	PCR	Associated with long-lasting fever and increased risk of sepsis and pneumonia after chemotherapy	37
				rs4986791 rs4986790	Promoter Exon 5	MALT lymphoma, HL	Taq-Man	Is one factor in the genetic susceptibility to gastric lymphoma	39,40
CD282	4q31.3	TLR2	Plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity	rs5743708	Promoter	AML	PCR	Associated with development of Sepsis, pneumonia, and invasive fungal disease in AML patients who undergo induction chemotherapy.	37,38
CD14	5q31.3	CD14 molecule	Mediates the innate immune response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides	–159C/T	Promoter	MALT lymphoma	RFLP-PCR	Enhances CD14 expression that might contribute to the development of H. pylori associated malignancy	41
				rs2569190	Promoter	ALL	PCR	Associated with developing risk of B-ALL	44
CD289	3p21.2	TLR9	Plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity.	rs5743836	Promoter	HL	PCR	May increase the susceptibility to HL	48
						NHL	PCR	Enhanced CD289 function that increases B-cell proliferation upon CpG stimulation as well as NLH risk	49
						BL	qRT-PCR	C allele results in enhanced NF-kB activation following TLR9 triggering that leads to induced apoptosis in BL cells	50
CD28	2q33.2	CD28 molecule	Is essential for T-cell proliferation, activation, and survival	rs352140	Promoter	AML	PCR	C allele is associated with reduced CD289 gene expression and slower reconstitution of Th and cytotoxic T cells after transplantation	51
				17+3T>	Promoter	ALL	PCR	C variant allele is associated with increased risk of infection during the remission induction period of treatment	52
CD278	2q33.2	ICOS	Plays an important role in regulation of immune responses	1554+4GT	Promoter	B-CLL	PCR	CD28 and CD278 may be associated with dysregulation of immune response and increased proliferation of B- cells that leads to increased risk of B-CLL	55
CD152	2q33.2	CTLA-4	Transmits an inhibitory signal to T cells	g319C>T +49A/G	Promoter	NHL	PCR	May have a role in genetic susceptibility to NHL	57

ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia; AML, acute myeloid leukemia; B-CLL, B-chronic lymphoblastic leukemia; MALT, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue; HL, Hodgkin lymphoma; NHL, Non Hodgkin lymphoma; BL, Burkitt's lymphoma; H. pylori, Helicobacter pylori; NF-kB, nuclear factor kB; TLR, toll like receptor; Th, T helper; ICOS, inducible co-stimulator; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein-4; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PCR-RFLP, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism.