Table 3.

Relevant mechanisms of hypertension after liver transplantation induced by common immunosuppressive agents[42]

Category	Drug	Mechanism
CNI	TAC, CsA		Increasing vascular tension: reducing nitric oxide (NO) and increasing endothelin level
			Increasing sympathetic excitability
			Activating the angiotensin-aldosterone system: elevated blood pressure, water, and sodium retention
			Activating sodium-chloride synergistic transport receptors in distal tubules: increased sodium reabsorption and excessive capacity
			Nephrotoxicity: AKI induced by vasoconstriction Chronic ischemia, glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, and tubular atrophy
Glucocorticoid	Methylprednisolone		Increasing sympathetic excitability
			Increasing vascular tension
			Increasing activity of mineralocorticoids

CNI: Calcineurin inhibitor; TAC: Tacrolimus; AKI: Acute kidney injury; CsA: Cyclosporine A.