Table 1.

Basic information, clinical manifestations, preoperative conditions, and bleeding volume of theses 4 patients

Case	Bleeding site	Onset of pregnancy wk	High-risk factors	Clinical manifestation	Preoperative hemoglobin, g/L	Ultrasonography	Celiac/posterior fornix puncture	Fetal outcome	Preoperative diagnosis	Intra-abdominal bleeding, mL
1	Uterine vein	29 + 1	Uterine malformation	Lower abdominal pain, nausea, dizziness, palpitations, and anal bloating	88	Intraperitoneal bleeding	Posterior fornix puncture	Fetal death	Uterine rupture	1900
2	Liver	36 + 6	Chronic hypertension	Lower abdominal pain, and dizziness	95	Intraperitoneal bleeding	Ultrasound-guided abdominal puncture	Fetal death	Rupture of subserosal vessel	2000
3	Right external iliac vessel branch	18 + 1	Uterine adenoma, twin pregnancy	Diffuse abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting	101	Intraperitoneal bleeding	Ultrasound-guided abdominal puncture	Termination of pregnancy	Uterine rupture	2300
4	Right kidney hamartoma	38 + 5	None	Right back pain	105	High echo in right kidney area (17.9 cm × 10.9 cm × 11.0 cm), liquid dark area behind uterus	None	Survived	Rupture of right kidney hamartoma	1300 (300 mL abdominal hemorrhage, and 1000 mL retroperitoneal hemorrhage)