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. 2020 Jul;20(4):412–416. doi: 10.7861/clinmed.2019-0342

Table 1.

Causes of blood culture negative endocarditis

Antibiotics given prior to taking blood cultures True BCNE Non-infective BCNE
Coxiella
Bartonella spp
Brucella
Tropheryma whipplei Mycobacteria spp (M chimera following cardiac surgery)
Fungi (Aspergillus)
May be diagnosed by:
  • Serology (Bartonella currently unavailable in UK)

  • PCR of excised valve / embolectomy material

Behçet's disease
Systemic lupis erythematosus (Libman–Sacks endocarditis)
Marantic (breast/lung/prostate/colon cancer)

BCNE = blood culture negative endocarditis.