Table 1.

Differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis

Autoimmune/inflammatory	CNS infections	Metabolic	Vascular conditions	Other
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD)	CNS syphilis	Vitamin B12 deficiency	Small vessel disease	CNS lymphoma
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)	Lyme disease	Copper deficiency	Stroke	Paraneoplastic
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody disease	Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV)	Mitochondrial disease	CADASIL
Sjögren's syndrome	HIV	Leukodystrophies	Susac's syndrome
CNS lupus			Anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome
Sarcoidosis
Behçet's
CNS vasculitis

CADASIL = cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy; CNS = central nervous system.