Table 2.
Study characteristics
| Study | Study Design | Sample Size | Gender | Age (mean ± SD)/ range | Initial Cobb angles | Curve magnitudes | Bone Maturity (Risser sign) | Intervention Protocols | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | Male | Study group | Control group | |||||||
| Liu et al [40] | CCT | 99 | 66 | 33 | 7–15 | 10°-24° | 3 Rt. thoracic, 10 Lt. thoracic, 4 Rt. Lumbar, 13 Lt. Lumbar, 49 Rt. Thoracic with Lt. Lumbar, 20 Lt. Thoracic with Rt. lumbar |
0: n = 37 1–2: n = 23 3: n = 39 |
Alternative SSE method (Xinmiao): corrective postures + corrective exercise: 40 min/session, education for 2 days then independently performed daily at home. |
No control |
| Yagci et al [46, 47] | RCT | 30 | 30 | 0 | 12–16 | 20°-45° |
Rt. thoracic Lt. Lumbar: n = 16 Single thoracolumbar: n = 14 |
2: n = 14 3: n = 16 |
Brace + SEAS* Supervised session: 40 min/session; once per week Home Program: 20 min/day |
Brace + core muscle strengthen exercise same dosage with the study group |
| Yagci et al [46, 47] | RCT | 20 | 20 | 0 | 10–16 | 20°-45° |
King classification: type 1: n = 5, type 2: n = 10, type 3: n = 3, type 4: n = 2 |
1: n = 2 2: n = 11 3: n = 7 |
Basic Body Awareness Therapy (BBAT) + Traditional Exercise + brace: home exercise 1 h/session, 5sessions/week |
Traditional Exercise only + brace same dosage with the study group |
| Zheng et al [48] | RCT | 53 | 41 | 12 | 10–14 | 21°-36° | Not reported | Not Reported | SEAS: supervised exercise in clinic: 40 min/week + home exercise: 10-15 min/day | Brace: 23 h/day |
| Kwan et al [38] | CCT | 48 | 38 | 10 | 10–14 | 25°-40° |
Thoracic major: 21% vs 33% Thoracolumbar/lumbar major: 79% vs 67% |
0–1: 54% vs 79% 2: 29% vs 17% 3–5: 17% vs 4% |
Brace + Schroth: 8-week outpatient program + home exercise + revisit every two months + 18 h/day of bracing. |
Brace alone: 18 h/day |
| Kim et al [6, 35] | RCT | 15 | 10 | 5 | 13–23 | 16°-40° | Not reported | Not reported | Schroth + Respiratory muscle exercise: 15 min of Resp + 40 min Schroth/session; 3 sessions/week; | Schroth only: 1 h/session; 3 sessions/week |
| Schreiber et al [43, 44, 45] | RCT | 50 | 47 | 3 | 13–14 | 10°-45° |
3C: n = 7 3CP: n = 15 4C: n = 5 4CP: n = 23 |
Mean: 1.76 vs 1.44 |
Schroth: 5 × 60 min of outpatient sessions delivered first 2 weeks, then 60 min 1×/week + 30 to 45 min of daily home sessions for 6 months. |
Standard care, consisting of observation or bracing if the SRS bracing criteria were met. |
| Kim et al [6, 35] | RCT | 24 | 24 | 0 | 14–17 | 10°-27° | Not reported | Not reported | Schroth: 60 min, 3x/week for 12 weeks. | Pilates exercise: 60 min, 3x/week for 12 weeks. |
| Kuru et al [37] | RCT | 45 | 39 | 6 | 11–14 | 20°-50° | Not reported |
Mean: 1.5 vs 1.4 vs 1.0 |
Group 1: supervised Schroth + asymmetric position rotational breathing: 1.5 h/day, 60 min, 3x/week for 6 weeks + home program. Group 2: home Schroth exercise + asymmetric position rotational breathing, 18 sessions for 6 weeks. |
Observation only. |
| Monticone et al | RCT | 110 | 80 | 20 | 10–14 | 10°-25° |
Thoracic: n = 16 Lumbar: n = 27 Thoracolumbar: n = 41 S-shaped: 26 |
0: n = 50 1: n = 60 |
SEAS+ cognitive behavioral strategies + ergonomic education. 60 min of outpatient sessions delivered once a week + 30 min of home sessions 2x/week. Mean time on treatment = 42.8 months (SD 9.1). |
General exercises for spinal mobilization. 60 min of outpatient sessions. Once a week + 30 min of home program sessions 2x/week at home. |
3C: a thoracic curvature without pelvis imbalance. 3CP: a thoracic curvature with pelvis imbalanced. 4C: a thoracolumbar/lumbar curvature without pelvis imbalance. 4CP: a thoracolumbar/lumbar curvature with pelvis imbalanced