Table 2.
Multivariate analysis of factors associated with the outcome variables of ambulatory healthcare services use (homecare, allied health services, number of GP–patient contacts and number of specialists consulted), considering Andersen’s model, controlled for predisposing factors + enabling factors + need factors; N = 843
| Homecare services | Allied health services | Contacts with GP in last 12 months | Number of specialists | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) | |||
| Predisposing factors | ||||||
| Sex | Men | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | |
| Women | 1.48 (0.88–2.49) | 1.24 (0.91–1.69) | 1.00 (0.92–1.08) | 0.93 (0.84–1.04) | ||
| Age | < 65 years | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | |
| 65–74 years | 1.03 (0.43–2.50) | 1.11 (0.69–1.77) | 1.11 (0.99–1.25) | 1.17 (1.00–1.37) | ||
| 75–84 years | 1.82 (0.77–4.29) | 0.78 (0.48–1.27) | 1.21 (1.07–1.36) | 1.19 (1.01–1.41) | ||
| ≥ 85 years | 4.22 (1.62–10.99) | 0.87 (0.49–1.53) | 1.26 (1.08–1.46) | 0.96 (0.77–1.20) | ||
| Marital status | Single | 1 (ref.) | – | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | |
| Married | 1.10 (0.38–3.18) | – | 1.57 (1.35–1.82) | 0.95 (0.77–1.17) | ||
| Separated/Divorced | 2.02 (0.88–4.65) | – | 1.12 (0.99–1.26) | 1.03 (0.87–1.21) | ||
| Widowed | 1.60 (0.73–3.54) | – | 1.08 (0.95–1.23) | 0.88 (0.74–1.05) | ||
| Number of adults in household | 0.69 (0.38–1.25) | – | 1.04 (0.96–1.12) | 1.08 (0.97–1.20) | ||
| Presence of an informal caregiver | Presence | 1 (ref.) | – | 1 (ref.) | – | |
| Absence | 0.50 (0.28–0.88) | – | 0.90 (0.83–0.98) | – | ||
| Educational level | Primary | – | – | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | |
| Secondary | – | – | 0.94 (0.85–1.04) | 1.07 (0.93–1.24) | ||
| Tertiary | – | – | 0.86 (0.78–0.96) | 1.21 (1.05–1.40) | ||
| Linguistic region | German-speaking | – | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | |
| French-speaking | – | 0.80 (0.58–1.11) | 0.80 (0.73–0.86) | 1.23 (1.10–1.37) | ||
| Location of GP’s practice | Urban | – | – | – | 1 (ref.) | |
| Semi-urban | – | – | – | 0.88 (0.79–0.98) | ||
| Rural | – | – | – | 0.83 (0.72–0.97) | ||
| Enabling factors | ||||||
| Material deprivation | 0.85 (0.67–1.06) | 1.07 (0.94–1.23) | – | 1.00 (0.96–1.05) | ||
| Social deprivation | 0.75 (0.62–0.89) | – | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 1.07 (1.03–1.12) | ||
| Healthcare deprivation | 1.06 (0.70–1.61) | 1.20 (0.91–1.57) | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) | 1.02 (0.93–1.11) | ||
| Need factors | ||||||
| Number of chronic conditions | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) | 1.06 (0.98–1.15) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 1.02 (1.00–1.05) | ||
| Number of medications | 1.13 (1.05–1.21) | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | ||
| CIRS scorea | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | ||
| Treatment burden | 1.15 (0.98–1.33) | 1.10 (0.99–1.22) | 1.08 (1.05–1.10) | 1.06 (1.02–1.10) | ||
| TBQ scoreb | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | ||
| Perceived health state (EQ-5D-3L) | Mobility | Non-problematic | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
| Problematic | 1.26 (0.74–2.14) | 1.27 (0.90–1.80) | 0.99 (0.91–1.08) | 1.01 (0.90–1.13) | ||
| Self-care | Non-problematic | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | |
| Problematic | 2.47 (1.36–4.51) | 0.86 (0.52–1.42) | 0.87 (0.77–0.99) | 0.95 (0.80–1.12) | ||
| Usual activities | Non-problematic | 1(ref.) | 1(ref.) | 1(ref.) | 1(ref.) | |
| Problematic | 1.45 (0.84–2.49) | 1.35 (0.93–1.94) | 1.09 (1.00–1.20) | 1.05 (0.92–1.18) | ||
| Pain/Discomfort | Non-problematic | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | – | 1 (ref.) | |
| Problematic | 0.86 (0.45–1.66) | 2.49 (1.59–3.90) | – | 1.12 (0.98–1.28) | ||
| Anxiety/ Depression | Non-problematic | 1 (ref.) | – | 1 (ref.) | – | |
| Problematic | 1.18 (0.71–1.94) | – | 1.04 (0.95–1.13) | – | ||
| Health scale (VAS) | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | ||
| Pseudo R2 | 0.27 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.07 | ||
Statistical analyses conducted using logistic regressions for homecare services use and allied health services use and using negative binomial regressions for number of GP–patient contacts in the last 12 months and the number of specialist’s consulted, adjusting for all the variables indicated. aCIRS Cumulative illness rating scale. bTBQ Treatment burden questionnaire