TABLE 1.
Demographic information for the BDI-II and HRV pre–post analyses, between groups.
|
BDI-II |
HRV |
|||||
| IG | CG | IG | CG | |||
| n = 34 | n = 34 | p | n = 34 | n = 35 | p | |
| Age in years (M, SD) | 48.5 (8.2) | 48.9 (10.6) | 0.858 | 49.03 (7.7) | 49.43 (10.4) | 0.857 |
| Female sex (%) | 67.6 | 61.8 | 0.612 | 64.7 | 60.0 | 0.687 |
| Body mass index (M, SD) | 25.6 (4.9) | 27.9 (6.6) | 0.105 | 25.7 (4.9) | 27.7 (6.6) | 0.165 |
| Primary psychiatric diagnosis ICD-10 (%) | ||||||
| Schizophrenia and schizotypal and delusional disorders F20–29 (%) | 0.0 | 5.9 | 0.151 | 0.0 | 8.6 | 0.081 |
| Affective disorders F30–39 (%) | 76.5 | 73.5 | 0.779 | 76.5 | 71.4 | 0.633 |
| Neurotic, stress-related, and somatoform disorders F40–48 (%) | 23.5 | 20.6 | 0.770 | 23.5 | 20.0 | 0.722 |
| Psychiatric comorbidity (%) | 35.3 | 32.4 | 0.798 | 32.4 | 37.1 | 0.676 |
| Burnout symptoms Z73.0 (%) | 20.6 | 14.7 | 0.525 | 17.6 | 14.3 | 0.703 |
| Psychotropics (%) | 85.3 | 91.2 | 0.452 | 85.3 | 88.6 | 0.686 |
| Psychotropics N (M, SD) | 2.9 (1.9) | 2.8 (1.5) | 0.945 | 3.0 (2.0) | 2.7 (1.5) | 0.507 |
| Antidepressants (%) | 85.3 | 82.4 | 0.742 | 85.3 | 80.0 | 0.562 |
| Antidepressants N (M, SD) | 1.8 (1.1) | 1.8 (1.1) | 0.914 | 1.9 (1.2) | 1.7 (1.2) | 0.563 |
| SSRI (%) | 64.7 | 79.4 | 0.177 | 64.7 | 71.4 | 0.549 |
| SNRI (%) | 38.2 | 17.6 | 0.059 | 41.2 | 17.1 | 0.028 |
| NaSSA (%) | 11.8 | 17.6 | 0.493 | 14.7 | 11.4 | 0.686 |
| Tricyclic (%) | 5.9 | 0.0 | 0.151 | 5.9 | 0.0 | 0.145 |
| Neuroleptics (%) | 20.6 | 23.5 | 0.770 | 23.5 | 25.7 | 0.833 |
| Atypical neuroleptics (%) | 26.5 | 5.9 | 0.021 | 23.5 | 8.6 | 0.090 |
| Antiepileptics (%) | 5.9 | 26.5 | 0.021 | 5.9 | 28.6 | 0.013 |
| Anxiolytics (%) | 23.5 | 29.4 | 0.582 | 26.5 | 28.6 | 0.845 |
| Anxiolytics N (M, SD) | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.804 | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.944 |
| Somatic comorbidity (%) | 55.9 | 55.9 | 1.00 | 55.9 | 60.0 | 0.729 |
| CVD (%) | 17.6 | 17.6 | 1.00 | 17.6 | 20.0 | 0.803 |
| Chronic pain (%) | 11.8 | 17.6 | 0.493 | 11.8 | 17.1 | 0.526 |
| Respiratory disease (%) | 8.8 | 5.9 | 0.642 | 8.8 | 5.7 | 0.618 |
| Anti-hypertensives (%) | 26.5 | 23.5 | 0.779 | 29.4 | 25.7 | 0.731 |
| Supplements (%) | 29.4 | 26.5 | 0.787 | 29.4 | 28.6 | 0.939 |
| Vitamin D3 (%) | 11.8 | 20.6 | 0.349 | 11.8 | 20.0 | 0.375 |
| Probiotics (%) | 0.0 | 2.9 | 0.314 | 0.0 | 2.9 | 0.321 |
| Other (%) | 2.9 | 2.9 | 1.00 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 0.983 |
| Behavioral data | ||||||
| Nicotine (%) | 32.4 | 48.5 | 0.178 | 33.3 | 47.1 | 0.252 |
| Alcohol (%) | 41.2 | 51.5 | 0.396 | 44.1 | 47.1 | 0.808 |
| Aerobic training (%) | 84.8 | 75.0 | 0.321 | 84.4 | 78.8 | 0.562 |
| Weekly aerobic training (M, SD) | 230 (192) | 160 (152) | 0.114 | 230 (195) | 171 (150) | 0.182 |
| Strength (%) | 6.1 | 6.5 | 0.949 | 6.3 | 12.5 | 0.391 |
| Weekly strength (M, SD) | 0.2 (0.7) | 0.1 (0.6) | 0.618 | 0.2 (0.7) | 0.2 (0.8) | 0.840 |
| In-clinic breathing training (%) | 0.0 | 20.6 | 0.005 | 0.0 | 20.0 | 0.006 |
BDI-II, demographics between groups for depression pre–post comparisons; HRV, demographics between groups for HRV pre–post comparisons; variables tested by chi-square tests and by t-tests. CVD, cardiovascular disease. Aerobic training, total number and percentage of participants practicing aerobic exercise regularly. Weekly aerobic training, mean weekly volume of aerobic exercise in minutes. Strength, total number and percentage of participants practicing strength training regularly. Weekly strength, mean frequency of weekly strength sessions. N, total number. %, percentage. M, mean. SD, standard deviation.