Table 2. A review of previously reported cases of malignant hypertension with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and comparison with this case.

Age	Sex	Symptom	blood pressure (mmHg)	sCr (mg/dL)	Renal pathology	Treatment	Outcome	References
34	Male	Hemoptysis, dyspnea, headache, blurred vision	220/135	4.9	Fibrinoid necrosis of the afferent arterioles, proliferative endoarteritis at the interlobular arteries	CA, ACE-I, hemodialysis, prednisolone cyclophosphamide	Renal function was gradually recovered, and pulmonary hemorrhage completely disappeared by treatment with antihypertensive agents.	[6]
26	Male	Hemoptysis, exertional dyspnea	210/150	3.1	The capillary walls were thickened and wrinkled. A small artery showed “onion peel” thickening with a narrowed lumen.	CA, β-blocker, ARB, artificial breathing management	N/A	[7]
38	Male	Blurring of vision, hemoptysis, dyspnea	220/120	4.43	Ischemic collapse of glomerulus, severe fibrointimal thickening of the arteries with fibrinoid deposits in the wall, medial hypertrophy and hyaline arteriosclerosis of arteries	CA, β-blocker, ACE-I, nitro-glycerine infusion	Chest X-ray returned to normal 4 weeks later. Not require dialysis. 18 months on, serum creatinine is stable at 3.15 mg/dL with good blood pressure control.	[8]
32	Male	Hemoptysis, general fatigue	290/150	9	Fibrinoid necrosis in the afferent arterioles, Onion skin appearance in the interlobular arteries, Some glomeruli have collapse, Tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis	CA, β-blocker, ACE-I	Not require dialysis, The normalization of blood pressure allowed serum creatinine level decreased to 6.7 mg/dL on the 22nd day. The infiltrating shadows of the chest CT disappeared.	[1]
51	Male	Dry cough, orthopnea	220/130	8.02	Histopathological characteristics of hypertensive nephrosclerosis	Anti-hypertensive drugs and Hemodialysis	Maintenance dialysis. Lung opacities started to clear within two days of presentation.	[10]
27	Male	Hemoptysis	180/100	3.11	Smooth muscle cell hyperplasia in the media of interlobular artery, Fibrinoid necrosis and intramural thrombi of small arterioles, collapsed glomerulus by ischemia	Steroid pulse therapy (discontinued in a few days), blood pressure control	Not require dialysis, Serum creatinine level was 1.98 mg/dL at 10 months after discharge.	[9]
41	Male	Cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea	233/159	11.69	Collapsed glomerulus by ischemia A small artery showed onion skin thickening with a narrowed lumen. Tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis	Steroid pulse therapy, plasma exchange (discontinued in a few days),CA, ARB, β-blocker	Maintenance dialysis, Pulmonary hemorrhage completely disappeared, and TMA pathology improved promptly by treatment with antihypertensive agents.	This case

sCr = serum creatinine; CA = calcium antagonist; ACE-I = angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB = angiotensin II receptor blocker; N/A = not applicable; TMA = thrombotic microangiopathy.