Table 2.
Characteristics of the Ablation Methods
| Group | Study | Ablation device | Mean power, W; Mean energy, J | Applicator | Mean ablation time, min | Sessions | Mean ablation session (once: multiple) | Technique | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Local anesthesia or sedation | Trans-isthmic approach | Moving-shot technique | Pull-back technique | ||||||||
| RFA | Aldea Martinez et al. (2019) [10] | AMICA-GEN AGN-H-1.0 programmable RF generator (LOGSA Endomedical Group, Italy) | 45.8 W; NA | 18 G internal cooled amicaeditor probe, 1 cm or 1.5 cm active tip | 15.6 | Multiple | 3.5 (NA:yes) | Lidocaine | Yes | Yes | NA |
| RFA | Deandrea et al. (2019) [11] | RFA needle tube system (RF Medical Seoul Korea or VIVA STARmed, Korea) | 55 W; NA | 18 G internal cooled electrode, 1 cm active tip | 14 | Single | 1 (215:0) | 2% lidocaine | Yes | Yes | NA |
| RFA | Jung et al. (2018) [12] | RF generators, Cool-Tip RF system (Covidien, Boulder, CO, USA; SSP-2000, Taewoong Medical, Korea; and M-1004, RF Medical, Korea) | 78.8 W; 4,161.5 J | 18 G internally cooled electrode, 0.7, 1, 1.5, and 2 cm active tips | 9.5 | Multiple | 1.3 (206:70) | 1%–2% lidocaine | Yes | Yes | NA |
| RFA | Lim et al. (2013) [13] | RF generator, Cool-Tip RF system (Covidien; SSP-2000, Taewoong Medical, Korea) | NA; 21,085 J | 17 or 18 G internally cooled electrode, 1, 1.5, and 2 cm active tips | NA | Multiple | 2.2 (53:73) | 2% lidocaine | Yes | Yes | NA |
| RFA | Sim et al. (2017) [14] | RF generators (RF150 and RF 300, Apro-Korea, Korea) | NA; NA | Straight-type modified internally cooled electrodes, 0.5, 0.7, 1, and 1.5 cm active tips | NA | NA | NA (NA:yes) | 2% lidocaine | Yes | Yes | NA |
| LA | Dossing et al. (2011) [3] | 820 nm continuous-wave infrared diode (Diomed, England) | 1.5–3.5 W; 2,100 J (242 J/mL) | 400 μm laser fiber | 15 | Multiple | 1 (57:21) | 10 mg/mL lidocaine | NA | NA | Yes |
| LA | Gambelunghe et al. (2013) [4] | 1,064 nm continuous-wave Nd-YAG laser (Smart 1064, Elesta, Italy) | 3 W; (245 J/mL) | 300 μm quartz laser fiber | 13.5 | Single | 1 (40:0) | 2.5 mg midazolam (IV) | NA | NA | Yes |
| LA | Gambelunghe et al. (2018) [5] | 1,064 nm continuous-wave Nd-YAG laser (Smart 1064, Elesta, Italy) | 3 W; 1,400–1,800 J | 300 μm quartz laser fiber | NA | Single | 1.2 (82:0) | No | NA | NA | Yes |
| LA | Magri et al. (2020) [6] | 1,064 nm continuous-wave diode laser (Quanta D-Plus, Italy) with an optical beam-splitting device | 2–3 W; 5,084.8 J (336.5 J/mL) | 400 μm quartz laser fiber | 5–10 | Multiple | >1 (34:9) | 1% lidocaine+ 2.5 mg midazolam | NA | NA | Yes |
| LA | Negro et al. (2019) [7] | 1,064 nm Nd-YAG laser (Echolaser, Italy) | 3 W; 6,168 J | 300 μm quartz laser fiber | NA | Multiple | 1 (55:7) | 2% xylocaine+ 2.5 mg midazolam | NA | NA | Yes |
| LA | Papini et al. (2014) [8] | 1,064 nm Nd-YAG laser (Echolaser, Italy) | 3 W; 3,600 or 7,200 J | 300 μm quartz laser fiber | NAa | Single | 1 (101:0) | 2% xylocaine | NA | NA | Yes |
| LA | Valcavi et al. (2010) [9] | 1,064 nm continuous-wave diode laser with an optical beam-splitting device (DEKA, Italy) | 3.1 W; 8,522 J | 400 μm laser fiber | 19.4 | Single | 1 (122:0) | 2% lidocaine+ 2–10 mg diazepam or 2–5 mg midazolam (IV) | NA | NA | Yes |
RFA, radiofrequency ablation; NA, not available; LA, laser ablation; Nd-YAG, neodymium yttrium-aluminum-garnet; IV, intravenous.
a
31 minutes from initial targeting to final ultrasonographic assessment.