Table 3.

Changes in Anthropometric Parameters and Biomarkers in the Lactobacillus sakei and Placebo Groups after 12 Weeks

Variable	L. sakei (CJLS03) (n=47)			Placebo (n=48)			P valuea
	Baseline	12 weeks	P value	Baseline	12 weeks	P value
SBP, mm Hg	126.0±12.9	128.6±10.0	0.131	124.6±11.2	126.2±10.8	0.251	0.678
DBP, mm Hg	78.4±10.2	78.0±9.6	0.788	75.4±8.8	78.8±9.5	0.003	0.026
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	101.8±10.8	102.5±15.8	0.659	103.8±17.7	103.1±13.4	0.690	0.553
HbA1c, %	5.7±0.4	5.8±0.5	0.223	5.6±0.7	5.6±0.5	0.170	0.672
Insulin, μIU/mL	10.9±3.9	11.5±6.9	0.514	11.5±4.9	13.1±9.6	0.217	0.487
HOMA-IR	2.8±1.1	2.9±1.8	0.444	3.0±2.0	3.4±2.7	0.283	0.583
Glucagon, pg/mL	174.8±131.6	180.7±138.4	0.603	167.2±111.0	163.0±100.2	0.689	0.512
Uric acid, mg/dL	5.1±1.1	5.0±1.1	0.088	5.6±1.6	5.6±1.6	0.659	0.404
Protein, g/dL	7.4±0.3	7.4±0.4	0.447	7.4±0.4	7.4±0.3	0.397	0.255
Albumin, g/dL	4.4±0.2	4.4±0.2	0.945	4.4±0.2	4.5±0.2	0.013	0.091
Total bilirubin, mg/dL	0.73±0.22	0.75±0.29	0.409	0.79±0.30	0.77±0.27	0.404	0.239
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	201.3±28.4	197.4±43.2	0.465	199.0±36.1	205.2±40.7	0.058	0.105
Triglyceride, mg/dL	125.6±64.1	129.0±83.2	0.754	128.3±62.0	134.2±63.5	0.461	0.850
HDL-C, mg/dL	54.4±9.7	55.1±9.6	0.375	52.6±11.4	53.5±9.6	0.387	0.907
LDL-C, mg/dL	116.8±20.4	115.6±24.0	0.620	117.1±27.4	118.2±28.6	0.626	0.486
Apolipoprotein A1, mg/dL	142.3±17.0	144.1±15.8	0.242	138.3±22.9	139.9±18.2	0.480	0.913
Apolipoprotein B, mg/dL	105.2±18.3	104.9±20.0	0.849	104.5±23.1	108.9±30.3	0.082	0.136
Free fatty acid, μEq/L	675.2±250.9	574.9±217.1	0.011	563.9±199.8	569.7±216.3	0.868	0.041
ALP, IU/L	75.2±21.3	78.2±23.0	0.117	70.0±16.4	72.6±17.7	0.020	0.870
AST, IU/L	26.3±12.2	27.5±21.7	0.572	24.8±8.3	27.2±12.8	0.074	0.620
ALT, IU/L	28.4±21.4	30.3±34.0	0.594	26.8±17.8	35.0±46.9	0.197	0.390
BUN, mg/dL	12.6±3.4	12.8±3.2	0.576	13.4±3.2	13.7±3.6	0.428	0.855
Creatinine, mg/dL	0.69±0.16	0.69±0.17	0.745	0.74±0.18	0.73±0.18	0.497	0.461
Calcium, mg/dL	9.2±0.3	9.2±0.3	0.879	9.2±0.3	9.3±0.3	0.041	0.144
Phosphorus, mg/dL	3.6±0.4	3.5±0.4	0.052	3.5±0.5	3.5±0.5	0.679	0.273

Values are expressed as mean±standard deviation. P values were calculated using paired t tests between the baseline and after 12 weeks.

SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen.

^aP values were calculated using Student’s t test for the difference between groups in the change from the baseline to 12 weeks.