Table 1.
Study characteristics
| Study | Sample | Study design | Age in years, mean (SD) | Assessment | Interventio n | Results | Quality Score (Down and Black) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Borin et al., 2013 | N = 40 Volleyball (n=10) Handball (n=10) Basketball (n=10) Nonathletes (n=10) | Prospective Observational | 24.0 (8.48) | Perineometer | Volleyball Handball Basketball | Volleyball 20% Handball 20% Basketball 10% Nonathlete | 7 |
| Da Roza et al., 2015a | N = 386 Nulliparous athletes | Cross-sectional | 21.4 (2.5) | ICIQ-SF ( | 1st , 2nd ,3rd and 4th quartile 0-30, 31-180, 181- 420, 421-2940 min of exercise/week) | s 0% SUI 49.4% UUI 22.1% MUI 28.6% | 10 |
| Da Roza et al., 2015b | N = 22 Nulliparous / trampolinists | Cross-sectional | 18.1 (3.4) | ICIQ-SF Questionnaire | 1st, 2nd and 3rd tertiles | SUI 72.7% | 11 |
| Ferreira et al., 2014 | N = 32 (Nulliparous / volleyball) Intervention (n=16) Control (n=16) | Experimental study | Interventio n 19.4 (3.24) Control 19.1 (2.11) | Questionnaire Pad-test Frequency of urine leakage (7- day diary before | 3-months PFMRP | Interventio n 100% Control 100% | 8 |
| Hagovska et al., 2017 | N = 503 Nulliparous / High-impact exercises | Cross-sectional | 21.1 (3.6) | and after PFMRP) ICIQ-SF OAB-q I-QOL IPAQ-SF | Low MET (3.3) <600 Moderate MET (4.0) 600-1500 High MET ≥3000 | SUI 13.52% UUI 0.80% | 10 |
| Jácome et al., 2011 | N = 106 Athletics (track and field) (n=32) Basketball (n=36) Indoor football (n=38) | Cross-sectional | Athletics 20.0 (1.8) Basketball 23.7 (4.0) Indoor football 24.0 (4.8) | Questionnaire | Track and field, basketball and indoor football | SUI 61.4% UUI 20.5% MUI 18.2% | 9 |
| Leitner et al., 2017 | N = 50 (running) Continent (n=28) SUI (n=22) | Cross-sectional and exploratory study | Continent 38.7 (10.0) SUI 45.3 (9.5) | Surface eletromyographic Tripolar vaginal probe | Running on a treadmill | No differences between continen and incontinent | 10 |
| Póswiata et al., 2014 | N = 112 Cross-country skiers (n=57) Runners (n=55) | Cross-sectional | Cross- country skiers 26.61(4.41) Runners 29.49 (6.02) | Questionnaire UDI-6 | Cross- country skiers and Running | SUI 45.54% | 8 |
| Rivalta et al., 2010 | N = 3 Nulliparous / volleyball | NRCT | 30.6 | Vaginal probe Urogynecologic evaluation Puborectalis test | Volleyball PFMRP | SUI 0% | 8 |
Note. ICIQ-SF International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form, IPAQ-SF International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form, I-QOL Urinary Incontinence Quality of Life Scale, MET Metabolic Equivalent, MUI Mixed Urinary Incontinence, OAB-q Overactive Bladder Questionnaire, PFMRP Pelvic floor muscle rehabilitation program, SUI Stress Uriary Incontinence, UDI-6 Urogenital Distress Inventory, UUI Urgency Urinary Incontinence.