TABLE 4.
Coding of spelling errors, adapted from Apel and Masterson (2001).
| Overall category | Fine-grained coding | Definition | Example (FR) | Target (FR) | Example (EN) | Target (EN) |
| PHON – Errors where the child did | PHON-OM-vow | Omission of a stressed vowel | *frpé | frappé | *destintion | destination |
| not represent the phonological skeleton of the word | PHON-OM-cons | Omission of an obligatory consonant | *tabeau | tableau | *chool | school |
| PHON-SUB-vow | Substitution of a stressed vowel | *lou | les | *dack | duck | |
| PHON-SUB-cons | Substitution of a consonant | *pardi | parti | *den | then | |
| PHON-ADD | Addition of a phoneme | *lavai | avait | *minunts | minutes | |
| ORTH - Errors where the child did not call on relevant orthographic | ORTH-IRR-silent | Omission of an unpredictable silent letter | *plafon | plafond | *climed | climbed |
| knowledge in his/her production | ORTH-IRR-cons | Substitution of an ambiguous consonant spelling | *cand | quand | *squeesing | squeezing |
| ORTH-IRR-vow | Substitution of an inconsistent long vowel grapheme | *ancre *copin | encre copain | *laiter *hed | later head | |
| ORTH-IRR-vow | Substitution or omission of an unstressed vowel grapheme | N/A | N/A | *apon *favrite | upon favourite | |
| ORTH-IRR-accent | Error on an accent | *embéter | embêter | N/A | N/A | |
| ORTH-IRR-MGR | Error of letter inversion | *avce | avec | *beacuse | because | |
| ORTH-REG | Error on a regular spelling pattern | *poto | poteau | *sista | sister | |
| ORTH-RUL | Error on a taught spelling rule or an illegal letter sequence | *grinpa | grimpa | *recieve *annd | receive and | |
| ORTH-PHON | Error with orthographically constrained graphemes-phoneme correspondences affecting phonology | *amourese *gour | amoureuse jour | *tims *techer | times teacher | |
| ORTH-MOR | Error with rule-constrained applications of inflections and derivations | *obligait | obligeait | *realy *blammed | really blamed | |
| MOR – Errors where the child did | MOR-INF-gender | Error on gender inflection | rempli | remplie | N/A | N/A |
| not call on relevant morphological | MOR-INF-tense | Error on tense inflection | demander | demandé | *happend | happened |
| knowledge in his/her production | MOR-INF- Person | Error on person marking | avais | avait | *comse | comes |
| MOR-INF-Number | Error on number marking | copain | copains | way’s | ways | |
| MOR-INF-Poss | Error on possessive marking | N/A | N/A | teachers | teacher’s | |
| MOR-DER-base | Error on the base of a complex word | *gran | grand | ment | meant | |
| MOR-DER-Pre | Error on the prefix of a complex word | *extrordinaire | extraordinaire | *extrordinary | extraordinary | |
| MOR-DER-Suff | Error on the suffix of a complex word | *maîtrèsse | maîtresse | assemble | assembly | |
| MOR-CON | Errors on word contractions | *quon | qu’on | *I’am | I’m | |
| MOR-PHON | Omission of a morphological marker affecting phonology | grand le | grande les | head (verb) goal | headed goals | |
| SEM - Errors on the meaning of the word attempted | SEM-SEG | Segmentation errors | *les cole *on n’a | l’école on a | *some thing | something |
| SEM-HOMO | Homophone errors (within the same grammatical category) | poing | point | peace | piece | |
| SEM-MOR | Use of a grammatical homophone | et à | est a | their your | there you’re | |
| SEM-PHON | Wrong word choice: use of another word, affecting semantics and phonology | j’ai | j’aime | were | wear |