Table 2.
Studies of the Associations of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior with Health Outcomes in Saudi Arabia (Behavioral Epidemiology Framework, Phase 1).
| Lead Author (Year) | Study Design | Health Outcomes | Association with Physical Activity (Type) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prospective Studies | |||
| Al Saif (2015) | Aerobic and anaerobic intervention (3 months) | BMI BP |
Inverse association (aerobic intervention) |
| Al-Eisa (2014) | Exercise intervention (3 wk) 76 female university students aged 19–25 y |
Insomnia Depression Attention span |
Inverse association (exercise intervention) Positive association (exercise intervention) |
| Alghadir (2016) | Exercise intervention (12 wk) 100 adults aged 30–60 y Serum levels of calcium and manganese |
BMI WtHR Serum levels of copper, zinc, and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase Osteoporosis t-score Bone mineral density Serum levels of calcium and manganese |
Inverse association (exercise intervention) Positive association (exercise intervention) |
| Rouzi (2011) | Prospective cohort (6 y) 707 healthy post-menopausal women aged 50 y or older |
All fragility-related fractures |
Inverse association (total PA) |
| Salman (2009) | Exercise intervention (11 y) 916 normotensive adults with diabetes aged 20 y or older |
Hypertension | Inverse association (leisure PA) |
| Tomar (2013) | Exercise intervention (12 wk) 24 adult men with type 2 diabetes aged 25–55 y |
Glycemic control | Positive association (exercise intervention) |
| Cross-Sectional: Adults | |||
| Al-Hamdan (2012) | Cross-sectional 4758 adults aged 15–64 y |
Hypertension | Inverse association (work, transport, and leisure PA) |
| Almajwal (2015) | Cross-sectional 362 non-Saudi hospital nurses |
BMI | Inverse association (total PA) |
| Al-Nozha (2007) | Cross-sectional 17,395 adults aged 30–70 y |
BMI WC |
Inverse association (leisure PA) |
| Basulaiman (2014) | Cross-sectional 10,735 patients aged 15 y or older |
Hypercholesterolemia Borderline hypercholesterolemia |
Non-signifiant (total PA) |
| El Bcheraoui (2013) | Cross-sectional 10,735 patients aged 15 y or older |
Hypertension Borderline hypertension |
Non-significant (total PA) Positive association (total PA, moderate active only) |
| Hegazy (2015) | Cross-sectional study 174 women, half with lower back pain for ≥ 3 mo aged 20–45 y |
Lower back pain | Inverse association (total PA) |
| Memish (2014) | Cross-sectional 10,735 adults aged 15 y or older |
BMI | Inverse association (total PA, men only) |
| Tuffaha (2015) | Cross-sectional 10,735 adults aged 15 y or older |
Vitamin D deficiency | Non-significant (total PA) |
| Cross-Sectional: Children and Adolescents | |||
| Al-Hazzaa (2012) | Cross-sectional 2906 school students aged 14–19 y |
BMI WtHR |
Inverse association (vigorous PA)Non-signifiant (total PA) |
| Al-Hazzaa (2013) | Cross-sectional 2868 secondary-school students aged 15–19 y |
Sleep duration | Positive association (total PA) |
| Al-Nakeeb (2012) | Cross-sectional 1138 school students aged 15–17 y |
BMI | Inverse association (total PA and walking) |
| Al-Nuaim (2012) | Cross-sectional 1270 school students aged 15–19 y |
BMI WC |
Inverse association (total PA) |
| Alqahtani (2015) | Cross-sectional 370 school children aged 14–19 y |
BMI | Inverse association (total PA, boys only) |
BMI: body mass index; PA: physical activity; WC: waist circumference; WtHr: waist-to-hip-ratio.