Figure 1.

a) Schematic illustration of the processes in formation of porous Au@Rh core–shell nanostructures. b) Representative SEM image of the surfaces of as-prepared Au@Rh nanostructures to show the presence of mesopores. c) Representative TEM images of Au@Rh nanostructures to confirm the existence of a dense core and porous shell in individual nanostructures. d) Representative TEM images of Au@Rh-CM nanostructures to confirm the presence of cell membrane on the nanostructure surface. Au@Rh-CM nanostructures were stained with uranyl acetate to increase the contrast of cell membrane (arrows in inset). e) SDS-PAGE protein analysis of Au@Rh, CM, and Au@Rh-CM. f) STEM-HAADF image and corresponding EDS elemental mapping of Au and Rh of Au@Rh nanostructures. g) UV–vis–NIR absorption spectra of Au@Rh-CM, free ICG, Au@Rh-ICG-CM, and the physically mixed Au@Rh-CM and free ICG. h) Heating curves of free ICG, Au@Rh-CM, and Au@Rh-ICG-CM compared to DI water only under 808-nm laser irradiation (0.3 W cm⁻²). i) Photothermal images of DI water, free ICG, Au@Rh-CM, and Au@Rh-ICG-CM under 808-nm laser irradiation (0.3 W cm⁻², 360 s). j) The velocity of the catalytic reaction was measured using different nanostructures and different concentrations of H₂O₂. Inset is TEM image of the corresponding nanostructures. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). k) Double-reciprocal plots to determine the kinetic constants of three types of nanostructures for H₂O₂ substrate. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). l) Comparison of the kinetic parameters of various nanostructures toward H₂O₂.