Table 1. Global deaths and DALYs attributable to high body mass index for both sexes combined in 2017 and percentage change from 1990 to 2017.
| Cause of death or DALYs | Deaths | DALYs | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 age-standardized rate per 100,000 people | Percentage change in age-standardized rate, 1990–2017 | 2017 age-standardized PAF | Percentage change in age-standardized PAF, 1990–2017 | 2017 age-standardized rate per 100,000 people | Percentage change in age-standardized rate, 1990–2017 | 2017 age-standardized PAF | Percentage change in age-standardized PAF, 1990–2017 | |
| Cardiovascular diseases | 38.9 (24.1, 56.2) | −5.3% (−14.5, 9.9) | 16.7% (10.3, 24.1) | 36.0% (23.5, 57.6)* | 992.4 (649.7, 1,363.9) | 2.2% (−9.6, 21.1) | 21.6% (14.0, 29.7) | 43.3% (27.6, 69.0)* |
| Ischemic heart disease | 20.6 (12.4, 30.3) | −11.3% (−18.2, 0.0) * | 17.6% (10.6, 25.9) | 26.6% (17.4, 42.3)* | 483.4 (309.3, 679.3) | −2.9% (−11.7, 12.0) | 22.7% (14.5, 31.9) | 34.3% (22.3, 54.2)* |
| Stroke | 13.2 (8.0, 18.9) | −3.7% (−15.1, 15.6) | 16.4% (10.0, 23.5) | 44.6% (28.0, 73.4)* | 406.8 (262.6, 557.3) | 4.7% (−9.5, 27.5) | 24.5% (15.9, 33.6) | 51.2% (31.7, 83.0)* |
| Ischemic stroke | 4.1 (2.3, 6.3) | −13.4% (−20.8, −1.4)* | 11.2% (6.2, 17.1) | 32.1% (21.8, 50.7)* | 124.3 (75.8, 179.9) | 4.3% (−6.1, 20.7) | 17.7% (10.9, 25.2) | 40.8% (28.1, 61.4)* |
| Intracerebral hemorrhage | 7.6 (4.7, 11.2) | 4.5% (−9.8, 28.3) | 20.0% (12.2, 29.0) | 48.6% (29.2, 82.3)* | 228.8 (146.2, 315.5) | 8.4% (−8.1, 35.1) | 28.6% (18.2, 39.2) | 56.8% (34.4, 94.9)* |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage | 1.5 (1.0, 2.0) | −12.2% (−28.9, 13.6) | 25.7% (17.0, 35.3) | 64.3% (35.9, 116.3)* | 53.8 (36.6, 71.8) | −7.6% (−24.9, 18.8) | 34.9% (24.1, 45.8) | 70.8% (41.1, 122.5)* |
| Hypertensive heart disease | 4.3 (2.2, 6.9) | 22.8% (−3.5, 58.3) | 34.8% (19.1, 54.5) | 52.0% (28.5, 92.4)* | 85.1 (53.0, 120.8) | 19.6% (−2.8, 54.1) | 40.7% (26.3, 56.7) | 57.3% (32.5, 100.8)* |
| Atrial fibrillation and flutter | 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) | 28.0% (16.8, 46.6)* | 20.7% (11.5, 32.2) | 26.2% (16.6, 43.8)* | 17.0 (9.3, 26.9) | 27.0% (16.6, 45.1)* | 21.8% (12.6, 33.3) | 30.3% (20.3, 48.6)* |
| Diabetes and kidney diseases | 9.6 (6.6, 13.1) | 70.2% (50.3, 100.3)* | 28.6% (19.6, 38.8) | 59.7% (41.4, 87.4)* | 496.7 (347.2, 679.6) | 74.6% (52.7, 107.5)* | 38.3% (28.4, 48.7) | 65.1% (44.4, 96.0)* |
| Diabetes mellitus | 5.3 (3.7, 7.0) | 73.5% (55.9, 99.9)* | 30.2% (21.3, 39.8) | 55.5% (39.8, 79.2)* | 379.4 (261.2, 526.4) | 80.4% (58.8, 113.4)* | 45.1% (34.1, 56.1) | 54.3% (36.2, 81.0)* |
| Diabetes mellitus type 2 | 5.3 (3.7, 7.0) | 73.5% (55.9, 99.9)* | 40.2% (28.5, 52.8) | 31.8% (19.1, 51.9)* | 379.4 (261.2, 526.4) | 80.4% (58.8, 113.4)* | 53.4% (40.3, 65.8) | 40.7% (24.1, 66.5)* |
| Chronic kidney disease | 4.3 (2.6, 6.3) | 66.3% (43.2, 103.6)* | 27.0% (16.3, 39.8) | 61.8% (39.8, 97.6)* | 117.3 (74.6, 165.3) | 58.4% (36.5, 93.7)* | 26.0% (16.5, 36.8) | 73.2% (49.5, 111.6)* |
| Chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus type 2 | 1.4 (0.7, 2.3) | 94.1% (63.8, 144.1)* | 30.5% (15.4, 49.8) | 63.6% (38.1, 104.7)* | 34.8 (17.1, 54.6) | 82.0% (54.3, 126.8)* | 34.6% (17.2, 53.3) | 66.2% (40.9, 106.5)* |
| Chronic kidney disease due to hypertension | 1.3 (0.6, 2.4) | 63.6% (41.7, 104.2)* | 28.3% (12.3, 50.4) | 53.2% (32.6, 91.3)* | 28.9 (14.5, 46.9) | 62.5% (38.9, 101.6)* | 31.2% (15.6, 49.8) | 60.7% (38.1, 98.5)* |
| Chronic kidney disease due to glomerulonephritis | 0.7 (0.3, 1.1) | 44.4% (26.8, 73.0)* | 28.2% (13.4, 45.4) | 56.4% (38.2, 87.3)* | 20.2 (8.6, 33.6) | 45.6% (26.3, 75.4)* | 24.1% (10.4, 39.3) | 70.5% (48.3, 106.5)* |
| Chronic kidney disease due to other and unspecified causes | 0.9 (0.4, 1.5) | 54.7% (34.4, 88.7)* | 27.2% (12.9, 42.7) | 68.7% (46.8, 106.2)* | 33.3 (15.6, 53.6) | 43.4% (24.0, 74.9)* | 24.0% (11.3, 38.3) | 78.4% (54.5, 118.0)* |
| Neoplasms | 5.8 (3.3, 8.9) | 23.6% (10.6, 44.7)* | 4.8% (2.7, 7.3) | 45.3% (30.0, 69.8)* | 133.4 (76.5, 205.7) | 25.4% (10.4, 50.1)* | 4.6% (2.7, 7.1) | 54.8% (36.0, 85.2)* |
| Esophageal cancer | 1.0 (0.3, 1.9) | 16.6% (−4.4, 52.7) | 18.5% (6.2, 35.0) | 64.1% (35.4, 113.3)* | 23.2 (7.7, 43.1) | 13.2% (−7.4, 49.0) | 19.4% (6.3, 35.9) | 69.8% (40.5, 122.0)* |
| Colon and rectum cancer | 0.9 (0.5, 1.5) | 14.5% (5.6, 29.5)* | 8.1% (4.4, 12.5) | 32.3% (21.9, 50.6)* | 20.2 (11.3, 30.9) | 17.2% (7.0, 34.0)* | 8.6% (4.8, 13.1) | 37.0% (25.0, 58.9)* |
| Liver cancer | 1.2 (0.5, 2.3) | 61.8% (33.5, 121.3)* | 11.9% (4.7, 22.9) | 71.0% (42.3, 131.7)* | 31.6 (12.6, 61.0) | 57.1% (26.7, 123.7)* | 12.4% (4.9, 24.0) | 84.1% (50.2, 159.0)* |
| Liver cancer due to hepatitis B | 0.5 (0.2, 1.0) | 71.2% (33.3, 167.9)* | 12.2% (4.5, 24.7) | 99.0% (57.1, 204.4)* | 14.5 (5.2, 28.8) | 61.9% (24.5, 162.3)* | 12.5% (4.7, 25.2) | 108.7% (62.6, 229.5)* |
| Liver cancer due to hepatitis C | 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) | 55.2% (32.9, 100.7)* | 13.2% (5.2, 24.3) | 55.6% (34.4, 98.5)* | 8.6 (3.5, 16.1) | 52.0% (28.1, 99.2)* | 14.1% (5.7, 25.8) | 65.0% (40.2, 115.1)* |
| Liver cancer due to alcohol use | 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) | 52.1% (31.3, 90.7)* | 14.9% (6.0, 27.9) | 51.1% (32.7, 86.4)* | 5.7 (2.3, 11.0) | 50.5% (28.4, 92.6)* | 15.3% (6.2, 28.9) | 58.0% (36.8, 99.6)* |
| Liver cancer due to other causes | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | 70.7% (39.1, 144.9)* | 12.4% (4.8, 23.1) | 85.6% (50.9, 164.1)* | 2.7 (1.0, 5.0) | 63.5% (30.6, 142.5)* | 12.6% (4.9, 23.5) | 98.0% (58.6, 191.9)* |
| Gallbladder and biliary tract cancer | 0.3 (0.2, 0.6) | −6.1% (−15.6, 6.3) | 15.4% (8.1, 25.1) | 17.2% (7.1, 35.4)* | 6.9 (3.7, 11.1) | −3.0% (−13.4, 10.8) | 16.0% (8.6, 25.8) | 23.8% (12.6, 45.3)* |
| Pancreatic cancer | 0.3 (0.1, 0.6) | 36.9% (26.4, 54.6)* | 6.2% (2.5, 11.4) | 24.0% (14.4, 39.9)** | 7.1 (2.8, 13.4) | 37.7% (27.2, 55.1)* | 6.3% (2.5, 11.9) | 28.6% (18.8, 45.0)* |
| Breast cancer | 0.5 (0.2, 0.9) | 33.4% (7.6, 100.1)* | 6.5% (2.7, 11.8) | 50.9% (22.2, 124.9)* | 9.9 (3.2, 18.5) | 50.5% (8.9, 199.2)* | 4.6% (1.5, 8.6) | 65.6% (21.2, 230.3)* |
| Uterine cancer | 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) | −2.1% (−11.2, 10.4) | 38.7% (26.7, 51.7) | 34.8% (23.0, 52.3)* | 10.3 (7.1, 13.7) | 3.7% (−7.3, 18.6) | 39.3% (27.2, 52.1) | 40.6% (26.8, 60.4)* |
| Ovarian cancer | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | — | 3.2% (0.0, 7.2) | — | 1.8 (0.0, 4.1) | — | 3.2% (0.0, 7.1) | — |
| Kidney cancer | 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) | 28.1% (17.0, 45.6)* | 19.4% (11.5, 28.6) | 22.6% (13.9, 37.7)* | 7.6 (4.5, 11.2) | 22.8% (11.0, 40.8)* | 18.5% (11.0, 27.2) | 27.3% (16.4, 45.2)* |
| Thyroid cancer | 0.1 (0.0, 0.1) | 31.6% (15.9, 53.1)* | 10.1% (4.9, 16.8) | 37.6% (21.9, 60.4)* | 1.4 (0.7, 2.3) | 41.7% (23.7, 66.5)* | 10.1% (5.0, 16.8) | 45.1% (27.9, 71.9)* |
| Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | 32.2% (21.8, 51.2)* | 5.3% (2.2, 9.3) | 32.8% (21.3, 53.6)* | 4.1 (1.8, 7.3) | 31.8% (19.7, 51.1)* | 4.6% (2.0, 8.1) | 39.5% (23.7, 66.4)* |
| Multiple myeloma | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | 33.6% (19.4, 54.8)* | 7.1% (3.1, 12.4) | 31.9% (20.0, 51.5)* | 2.1 (0.9, 3.6) | 35.3% (21.2, 57.1)* | 7.2% (3.2, 12.5) | 35.3% (23.3, 55.6)* |
| Leukemia | 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) | 11.7% (0.9, 29.2)* | 6.3% (3.1, 10.6) | 43.9% (28.6, 71.7)* | 7.2 (3.6, 12.0) | 12.9% (0.3, 32.9)* | 4.6% (2.3, 7.6) | 61.6% (38.4, 108.6)* |
| Acute lymphoid leukemia | 0.03 (0.01, 0.05) | 48.1% (28.1, 72.1)* | 4.1% (2.0, 7.0) | 50.5% (28.9, 99.0)* | 1.0 (0.5, 1.7) | 55.2% (31.3, 85.7)* | 2.7% (1.3, 4.5) | 65.9% (35.7, 135.9)* |
| Chronic lymphoid leukemia | 0.04 (0.02, 0.07) | 0.8% (−7.1, 14.8) | 8.7% (4.3, 14.2) | 23.8% (15.0, 40.4)* | 0.8 (0.4, 1.2) | 2.3% (−5.6, 15.4) | 8.4% (4.2, 13.8) | 25.3% (16.5, 40.9)* |
| Acute myeloid leukemia | 0.1 (0.0, 0.1) | 44.3% (25.1, 65.9)* | 7.0% (3.4, 11.5) | 30.6% (17.1, 56.9)* | 2.3 (1.1, 3.7) | 41.1% (23.8, 64.0)* | 5.5% (2.7, 9.0) | 35.6% (15.7, 80.2)* |
| Chronic myeloid leukemia | 0.02 (0.01, 0.04) | −38.8% (−43.8, −30.4)* | 6.9% (3.4, 11.6) | 18.3% (10.0, 32.8)* | 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) | −37.5% (−43.5, −27.6)* | 6.5% (3.2, 10.9) | 22.1% (12.5, 40.0)* |
| Other leukemia | 0.1 (0.1, 0.2) | 6.1% (−6.5, 27.5) | 5.9% (2.8, 10.0) | 66.8% (44.6, 107.8)* | 2.7 (1.3, 4.5) | 4.5% (−12.0, 31.7) | 4.3% (2.1, 7.3) | 99.9% (62.7, 174.9)* |
| Musculoskeletal disorders | — | — | — | — | 84.1 (44.7, 137.2) | 38.1% (24.5, 60.1)* | 4.9% (2.9, 7.4) | 43.0% (28.9, 65.4)* |
| Osteoarthritis | — | — | — | — | 25.1 (9.9, 53.8) | 55.6% (39.9, 84.0)* | 21.1% (11.9, 31.5) | 42.0% (28.1, 67.8)* |
| Low back pain | — | — | — | — | 53.8 (28.9, 91.1) | 29.9% (17.8, 50.3)* | 6.6% (3.9, 9.8) | 43.0% (29.4, 65.6)* |
| Gout | — | — | — | — | 5.2 (2.7, 8.7) | 54.8% (38.3, 82.8)* | 32.4% (18.7, 49.2) | 44.4% (28.8, 70.0)* |
| Neurological disorders | 4.5 (1.7, 8.4) | 21.1% (10.5, 45.3)* | 10.4% (3.9, 19.6) | 26.7% (15.6, 51.8)* | 52.5 (21.1, 98.0) | 21.8% (10.7, 45.2)* | 3.7% (1.5, 7.1) | 26.4% (14.5, 50.9)* |
| Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias | 4.5 (1.7, 8.4) | 21.1% (10.5, 45.3)* | 12.7% (4.8, 23.8) | 26.1% (15.2, 51.2)* | 52.5 (21.1, 98.0) | 21.8% (10.7, 45.2)* | 12.7% (5.2, 23.8) | 29.7% (17.8, 55.2)* |
| Chronic respiratory diseases | 0.9 (0.5, 1.6) | −20.6% (−35.6, 5.4) | 1.8% (0.9, 3.1) | 38.3% (12.7, 84.0)* | 44.4 (25.8, 69.5) | −1.3% (−19.2, 23.5) | 3.1% (1.8, 4.8) | 59.6% (32.4, 99.4)* |
| Asthma | 0.9 (0.5, 1.6) | −20.6% (−35.6, 5.4) | 14.5% (7.7, 23.1) | 83.1% (49.6, 146.1)* | 44.4 (25.8, 69.5) | −1.3% (−19.2, 23.5) | 15.1% (9.1, 22.7) | 80.2% (50.0, 127.9)* |
| Digestive diseases | 0.5 (0.3, 0.7) | −5.0% (−15.3, 11.5) | 1.5% (0.9, 2.2) | 31.1% (16.9, 53.3)* | 7.7 (4.9, 10.9) | −6.3% (−18.4, 13.3) | 0.7% (0.5, 1.0) | 24.6% (8.0, 51.7)* |
| Gallbladder and biliary diseases | 0.5 (0.3, 0.7) | −5.0% (−15.3, 11.5) | 31.0% (19.5, 44.1) | 34.7% (21.9, 55.7)* | 7.7 (4.9, 10.9) | −6.3% (−18.4, 13.3) | 30.0% (19.4, 42.2) | 44.2% (26.7, 71.5)* |
| Sense organ diseases | — | — | — | — | 5.8 (2.6, 10.7) | 44.0% (27.7, 71.4)* | 0.7% (0.3, 1.2) | 46.8% (30.3, 74.7)* |
| Blindness and vision impairment | — | — | — | — | 5.8 (2.6, 10.7) | 44.0% (27.7, 71.4)* | 1.6% (0.7, 2.8) | 50.8% (34.0, 79.2)* |
| Cataract | — | — | — | — | 5.8 (2.6, 10.7) | 44.0% (27.7, 71.4)* | 5.7% (2.7, 9.6) | 51.1% (34.6, 79.7)* |
*Changes that are statistically significant.
DALY, disability-adjusted life year; PAF, population attributable fraction.