Table 1. Descriptions of hornet aggression behaviors observed and their corresponding scores.

Behavior	Description			Intensity score
	Win	Loss	Tie	Win	Lose	Tie
Threatening	Rushing opponent	Falling back or escaping	Confrontation and separation	2	0	1
	Lifting antennae and front legs and shaking wings, (Fig 1B)	Falling back or escaping	Confrontation	2	0	1
	Opening mandible, (Fig 1F)	Falling back or escaping	Confrontation	2	0	1
	Threateningly flying over opponent	Escaping	Disregard or confrontation	2	0	1
	Chasing opponent	Escaping	Confrontation and separation	2	0	1
Grappling	Pushing or fighting while flying	Falling back or escaping	Confrontation and separation	3	0	1
	Banging or pushing with head	Falling back or escaping	Confrontation and separation	3	0	1
	Chasing and grabbing, (Fig 1E)	Being thrown off	Confrontation and separation	3	0	1
	Forcing down and throwing opponent, (Fig 1D)	Being thrown off	Confrontation and separation	3	0	1
	Getting opponent and biting or stinging, (Fig 1A)	Being bitten or stung	Confrontation and separation	4	0	1
Killing	Killing opponent, (Fig 1C)	Being killed	Failure to kill opponent or both sides dying	5	0	1