| 1.1 Hypertensive disorders (including pre‐eclampsia, pregnancy‐induced hypertension, eclampsia) |
3 |
256 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.50 [0.64, 3.53] |
| 1.2 Mode of birth (caesarean) |
3 |
267 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.64 [0.30, 1.35] |
| 1.3 Large‐for‐gestational age > 90 centile |
2 |
174 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.73 [0.35, 1.52] |
| 1.4 Induction of labour |
1 |
127 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.33 [0.74, 2.37] |
| 1.5 Postpartum haemorrhage |
1 |
126 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.77 [0.36, 1.62] |
| 1.6 Weight gain during pregnancy (kg) |
6 |
379 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.38 [‐0.49, 3.24] |
| 1.7 Total gestational weight gain (kg) |
3 |
239 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.24 [‐0.30, 0.78] |
| 1.8 Relevant biomarker changes associated with the intervention |
9 |
|
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 1.8.1 HOMA‐IR |
7 |
505 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.30 [‐0.35, ‐0.25] |
| 1.8.2 HOMA‐B |
2 |
130 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐25.38 [‐38.32, ‐12.44] |
| 1.8.3 Insulin (microIU/L) |
7 |
505 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐1.04 [‐1.27, ‐0.80] |
| 1.8.4 QUICKI |
4 |
276 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.01 [0.00, 0.02] |
| 1.8.5 TAG (Triglycerides) (mg/dL) |
4 |
320 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐19.19 [‐35.69, ‐2.70] |
| 1.8.6 VLDL cholesterol (mg/dL) |
2 |
130 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐7.80 [‐12.93, ‐2.66] |
| 1.8.7 LDL‐cholesterol (mg/dL) |
4 |
320 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐5.36 [‐12.83, 2.12] |
| 1.8.8 HDL‐cholesterol (mg/dL) |
4 |
320 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐3.48 [‐6.02, ‐0.93] |
| 1.8.9 Total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
4 |
320 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐10.63 [‐19.73, ‐1.54] |
| 1.8.10 hs‐CRP (µg/mL) |
4 |
248 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐1.29 [‐1.72, ‐0.86] |
| 1.8.11 NO (nitrous oxide)µmol/L |
2 |
120 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.69 [‐0.95, 4.33] |
| 1.8.12 MDA (malondialdehyde) (µmol/L) |
3 |
176 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.85 [‐1.20, ‐0.50] |
| 1.8.13 GSH (total glutathione µmol/L) |
2 |
120 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
44.95 [13.36, 76.55] |
| 1.8.14 Glutathione reductase (GSHR)(ng/mL) |
1 |
56 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
5.78 [0.30, 11.26] |
| 1.8.15 TAC (total antioxidant capacity)mmol/L |
4 |
266 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.02 [‐0.05, 0.10] |
| 1.8.16 IL‐10(pg/mL) |
1 |
72 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.27 [‐2.93, 2.39] |
| 1.8.17 IFN‐c |
1 |
72 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐1.90 [‐9.38, 5.58] |
| 1.8.18 IL‐6(pg/mL) |
2 |
128 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.89 [‐1.17, ‐0.60] |
| 1.8.19 TNF‐α(pg/mL) |
2 |
128 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.53 [‐0.78, ‐0.27] |
| 1.8.20 Serum uric acid (mg/dL) |
1 |
56 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.21 [‐0.52, 0.10] |
| 1.8.21 Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) (U/gHBb) |
1 |
56 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
189.20 [‐57.31, 435.71] |
| 1.8.22 Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (U/gHb) |
1 |
56 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
6.93 [1.34, 12.52] |
| 1.9 Use of additional pharmacotherapy |
1 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Totals not selected |
| 1.9.1 Insulin therapy |
1 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Totals not selected |
| 1.10 Glycaemic control during/ end of treatment (as defined by trialists) |
7 |
|
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 1.10.1 Fasting blood glucose(mg/dL) |
7 |
554 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.42 [‐1.66, 0.82] |
| 1.10.2 Postprandial blood glucose(mg/dL) |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Not estimable |
| 1.11 Gestational age at birth (days) |
3 |
267 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.37 [‐1.33, 4.07] |
| 1.12 Preterm birth |
2 |
120 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.00 [0.18, 5.59] |
| 1.13 Macrosomia (> 4000 g) |
3 |
267 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.84 [0.50, 1.43] |
| 1.14 Small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) |
1 |
114 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.04 [0.39, 2.76] |
| 1.15 Birthweight (g) |
4 |
324 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐79.14 [‐183.00, 24.73] |
| 1.16 Head circumference (cm) |
3 |
249 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.02 [‐0.52, 0.48] |
| 1.17 Length (cm) |
3 |
248 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.35 [‐1.03, 0.33] |
| 1.18 Infant hypoglycemia requiring treatment (variously defined) |
3 |
177 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.85 [0.39, 1.84] |
| 1.19 Hyperbilirubinemia |
2 |
120 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.18 [0.05, 0.57] |
| 1.20 Relevant infant biomarker's associated with intervention (cord C peptide, cord insulin) |
1 |
100 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.05 [‐0.44, 0.34] |
| 1.20.1 Cord C peptide (ng/mL) |
1 |
100 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.05 [‐0.44, 0.34] |
| 1.21 Admission to NICU/nursery |
2 |
202 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.71 [0.45, 6.53] |
