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. 2013 Apr 30;2013(4):CD009035. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009035.pub2

for the main comparison.

Intervention: Training
Outcomes Relative effect
 (95% CI) Quality of the evidence
 (GRADE) Comments
Population health outcomes No evidence    
Access to health care No evidence    
Utilization of health care No evidence    
Quality of health care No evidence    
Efficiency of health care No evidence    
Equity of health care No evidence    
District manager job‐posting vacancy rates No evidence    
District managers’ knowledge measured within a practice environment No evidence    
District managers’ skills measured within a practice environment No evidence    
District managers’ knowledge measured outside of practice In one study (CBA), in‐service district manager training significantly increased knowledge of planning processes. ⊕⊕⊝⊝
 low 1 CBA; downgraded due to serious risk of bias; upgraded due to large effect.
District managers’ skills measured outside of practice In one study (CBA), in‐service district manager training significantly increased monitoring and evaluation skills. ⊕⊕⊝⊝
 low 1 CBA; downgraded due to serious risk of bias; upgraded due to large effect.
GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
 High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
 Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
 Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
 Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.