Table 1.
Patient profiles.
| Patient | Age at onset/ surgery |
Gender/ handedness |
MRI findings | Pathology | Antiepileptic medications * |
Analyzed seizures onset region classification |
Type of electrode |
Resection | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1+ | 19/36 | F/R | Post-resection changes | WMG | Oxcarbazepine Lamotrigine Lacosamide Clonazepam | L lateral-temporal | Depth | L temporal lobectomy (extending prior resection) | I |
| 2 | 15/43 | M/R | L frontal atrophy | WMG | Carbamazepine Levetiracetam | L frontal | Grids | L subfrontal cortex | I |
| 3 | 15/26 | F/R | diffuse subependymoma and intraparenchymal gray matter heterotopia. | amygdalar perivascular lymphocytes of unclear significance | Lamotrigine Lacosamide Levetiracetam | R frontoparietal | Depth | R temporal lobectomy | II |
| 4 | 50/59 | F/R | unremarkable | L temporal tip, L hippocampus and L amygdala gliosis | Lamotrigine | L hippocampus | Depth | L temporal lobectomy | I |
| 5 | 14/51 | F/R | unremarkable | slight increase number of neurons in white matter of unclear significance | Topiramate Oxcarbazepine Clonazepam Lorazepam | R frontoparietal | Grids | R frontal pole and RNS implant over the right motor strip | III |
| 6 | 9/16 | F/L | L temporal encephalomalacia | perivascular lymphocytic cuff of unclear significance | Rufinamide Zonisamide Gabapentin | L lateral-temporal | Grids | L lateral temporal | II |
| 7 | 15/20 | F/R | cortical tubers, largest in R middle frontal gyrus, small subependymal nodules, radial glial bands in R frontal and R parietal lobe, | FCD in frontal cortex with astrocytosis in R amygdala and R hippocampus | Clobazam Lacosamide Clonazepam | R hippocampus | Depth | R temporal and frontal cortex | I |
| 8 | 0/55 | F/L | L insular FCD | Dysplasia | Carbamazepine Levetiracetam Zonisamide | L hippocampus – L frontoparietal | Depth | Left insular topectomy | III |
| 9 | 32/56 | F/L | Mesial temporal sclerosis of the L hippocampus | MTS | Carbamazepine Levetiracetam | L hippocampus – R amygdala | Depth | L temporal lobectomy | I |
| 10 | 39/48 | M/R | unremarkable | n.a. | Levetiracetam | L hippocampus | Depth | Bilateral temporal RNS implant | III |
| 11 | 8/21 | M/R | encephalomalacia in the L medial occipital lobe | n.a. | Lamotrigine Oxcarbazepine Zonisamide | L hippocampus – L occipital | Depth | L hippocampal RNS implant | I |
| 12 | 39/42 | F/R | white matter T2 hyperintensity L insular region to L temporal white matter and punctate hyperintensity in L anterior temporal | normal | Levetiracetam Lorazepam Lacosamide | L lateral-temporal | Depth | L temporal lobectomy | I |
| 13 | 8/14 | F/R | R superior occipital and some parietal lobe encephalomalacia | atrophic densely gliotic gyri w/ dense collagen deposition in subarachnoid space surrounding area of white matter loss | Rufinamide Lamotrigine | R occipital | Grids | R parieto-occipital corticectomy | II |
| 14 | 2.5/8 | M/L | Postoperative findings from a prior resection of a dysplasia | Dysplasia | Clobazam Oxcarbazepine | L lateral temporal | Grids | L frontal lesion | I |
| 15 | 8/19 | M/R | FCD | Dysplasia | Lamotrigine Topiramate Lacosamide | R hippocampus | Depth | R temporal lobectomy with subfrontal resection | III |
| 16 | 25/39 | M/R | Diffuse atrophy of the bilateral hippocampi | MTS | Levetiracetam Phenytoin Clonazepam | L hippocampus – R lateral-temporal | Depth | R temporal lobectomy | II |
| 17 | 17/48 | F/L | peri-occipital dilated vasculature and cortical atrophy L occipital lobe | n.a. | Lamotrigine Gabapentin Carbamazepine | L occipital | Depth | occipital RNS implant | III |
| 18 | 8/47 | M/R | unremarkable | n.a. | Lamotrigine Levetiracetam Primidone | R hippocampus | Depth | none | n.a. |
| 19+ | 11/21 | M/R | Postoperative findings from a prior resection of a dysplasia | n.a. | Perampanel Clonazepam Lamotrigine Perampanel Phenytoin | R frontoparietal | Grids | R frontal RNS implant | II |
| 20 | 8/24 | F/R | Postoperative findings from a prior L temporal lobectomy | MTS | Gabapentin Lamotrigine Lacosamide | L frontal | Depth | RF ablation | III |
| 21+ | 15/50 | F/R | LMTS | MTS | Levetiracetam Gabapentin Zonisamide | L hippocampus – R hippocampus | Depth | L temporal lobectomy | II |
| 22+ | 40/49 | F/L | No epileptogenic substrate is identified | n.a. | Levetiracetam, Clobazam | L hippocampus – R amygdala – R lateral-temporal – L lateral-temporal | Depth | bilateral hippocampal RNS implant | III |
| 23+ | 16/21 | F/R | Multiple lesions causing parenchymal abnormalities: R superior parietal lobule lesion, L superior frontal gyrus punctate lesion, Asymmetric smooth contour of L middle frontal gyrus | mild cortical disarray | Lamotrigine Topiramate | R frontal | Depth | R parietal lesion | IV |
| 24+ | 19/39 | F/R | Multifocal nodular heterotopia along the atria, occipital horns, and temporal horns of both lateral ventricles | n.a. | Lamotrigine | L hippocampus – R hippocampus | Depth | none | n.a. |
| 25+ | 6/23 | M/both | L inferior frontal gyrus possible chronic microhemorrhage vs. cavernous malformation | MTS | Oxcarbazepine Gabapentin Lamotrigine | L hippocampus – L frontal | Depth | Resection: L temporal lobectomy and subfrontal | III |
| 26+ | 2/18 | M/R | unremarkable | R parietal intracortical gliosis | Clobazam Lamotrigine | R frontoparietal | Grids | R frontoparietal | I |
| 27+ | 28/32 | M/ | unremarkable | n.a. | Lamotrigine Zonisamide | L lateral-temporal | Depth | none | n.a. |
| 28 | 26/36 | F/R | Postoperative findings from a prior L temporal lobectomy | From previous surgery: Minimal focal neuronal disorganization, mild white matter hypercellularity consistent with temporal sclerosis | Lamotrigine Clonazepam Gabapentin | L hippocampus – R hippocampus | Depth | Bilateral mesial temporal RNS implant | IV |
| 29+ | 13/49 | M/Both | Posterior bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria. bilateral congenital malformation | R hippocampus R amygdala, and R temporal cortex gliosis | Felbamate Clonazepam Lacosamide Lamotrigine | R lateral-temporal – L frontal | Depth | R temporal lobectomy | I |
| 30 | 19/30 | M/R | Postoperative findings from a prior R temporal lobectomy | From previous surgery: R Temporal tip, hippocampus and amygdala gliosis | Topiramate Gabapentin | L hippocampus | Depth | none | n.a. |
| 31 | 3/39 | M/Both | Multiple foci of susceptibility artifact in the R temporal and L parietal lobe likely reflecting remote microhemorrhages | n.a | Valporate acid Lamotrigine | L lateral-temporal | Depth | none | n.a. |
| 32+ | 13/29 | M/L | Encephalomalacia in the R parietal white matter extending into the posterior temporal, and to a lesser extent the parieto-occipital and temporoparietal white matter. | n.a | Levetiracetam Lamotrigine | R frontoparietal | Depth | none yet | n.a. |
| 33+ | 35/41 | M/L | unremarkable | n.a | Lamotrigine Zonisamide | L hippocampus – R amygdala | Depth | Bilateral temporal RNS implant | II |
| 34+ | 8/29 | M/L | Postoperative findings from a prior resection of a R superior frontal/precentral gyrus dysplasia | R FCD | Lamotrigine | R frontal | Depth | R cortical dysplasia along the motor area | III |
| 35 | 0.5/36 | F/L | Encephalomalacia / gliosis in the L posterior quadrant | L MTS | Lamotrigine Zonisamide Clobazam | L hippocampus | Grids | L temporal lobectomy | I |
| 36+ | 15/30 | F/R | Encephalomalacia and gliosis in the R thalamus consistent with history of neonatal infarction | R temporal lobe WMG | Lacosamide Levetiracetam | R lateral-temporal | Grids | R temporal lobectomy | I |
| 37+ | 21/34 | M/L | Cerebral and cerebellar volume loss, most pronounced in the inferior cerebellum and bilateral parieto-occipital regions | tuberous sclerosis, WMG | Brivaracetam Lamotrigine Clobazam | L hippocampus | Grids | L temporal lobectomy | I |
| 38+ | 35/37 | F/R | Postresection changes of the R posterior temporal lobe cavernoma | Cerebral cortex and white matter with subpial and cortical gliosis, MTS | Lamotrigine Lacosamide | R occipital | Grids | R temporal lobectomy | I |
| 39+ | 4/25 | M/R | unremarkable | L frontal parasagittal cortex mild cortical disorganization and gliosis | Oxcarbazepine Lacosamide Levetiracetam Zonisamide | L frontoparietal | Depth | the parasagital cortex & RNS implant: inferior parietal lobule | II |
| 40+ | 5/39 | M/R | volume loss of the R caudate nucleus | R parietal gliosis | Carbamazepine Phenobarbital Lamotrigine | R frontoparietal | Grids | R parietal cortex | IV |
| 41+ | 28/40 | F/R | unremarkable | n.a | Lamotrigine Zonisamide | L hippocampus | Depth | L mesial temporal RNS planned | n.a. |
| 42+ | 4/29 | F/R | L insula FCD | n.a | Carbamazepine Zonisamide | L lateral-temporal | Depth | L anterior insula LITT | III |
| 43+ | 17/22 | M/L | Subtle asymmetry in the appearance of hippocampi with the L hippocampus showing poor organization | n.a | Eslicarbazepine Lamotrigine Levetiracetam | L hippocampus | Depth | L hippocampal LITT followed by L temporal lobectomy | I |
F: Female; M: Male; L: Left; R: Right; WMG: White Matter Gliosis; MTS: Mesial Temporal Sclerosis; FCD: Focal Cortical Dysplasia; RNS: Responsive Neurostimulation System; RF: Radiofrequency; LITT: Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy; n.a: not applicable
*
The patients’ medication was tapered during their stay in the hospital.
+
Indicates the patients whose seizures were investigated for infraslow activity (ISA) analysis