Table 3.

Costs

Event	Cost ($)	References
LVAD implantation	154,565*
LVAD monthly outpatient	3,187	16
MM monthly outpatient	3,515	16
Living with LVAD > 10 years—annual	18,377†
Living on MM > 10 years—annual	9,005†
Heart transplantation	154,565*
Living after HT—annual	16,807‡
Stroke
First 90 days	27,904‡
Follow-up		19
mRS 0—monthly	956
mRS 1—monthly	984
mRS 2—monthly	1,138
mRS 3—monthly	1,955
mRS 4—monthly	3,956
mRS 5—monthly	5,816*
Pump exchange	154,565*
Driveline infection	13,681‡
GI bleed	9,990‡
RVAD	78,676§
Other adverse events	9,220‡
MM readmission (apart from stroke)	12,934	16

All costs were adjusted to reflect 2018 prices either on the IHD platform or using the medical care–specific CPI from the Bureau of Labor Statistics.²⁰

*CMS 2019 DRGs (i.e., 91.5% DRG 001 and 8.5% DRG 002).

†DRG 291 for cost estimation; event rate post 18-month resource use in Smedira.³⁰

‡Medicare claims analysis.

§CMS 2019 DRG 215.

LVAD, left ventricular assist device; MM, medical management; HT, heart transplantation; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; GI, gastrointestinal; RVAD, right ventricular assist device.