Table 1.

Difference-in-differences estimates of changes in emergency admissions and total bed-days rates attributable to the Vanguard integrated care and care home initiatives, by different post-implementation time windows.

	1st–3rd year	1st year	2ndyear	3rd year
Monthly emergency admission rate (per, 000 population)
Population-based	−0.004	0.011	0.015	−0.031**
	[−0.032, 0.024]	[−0.021, 0.043]	[−0.018, 0.047]	[−0.062, −0.001]
Care home	−0.042**	−0.018	−0.035	−0.065**
	[−0.082, −0.002]	[−0.050, 0.014]	[−0.076, 0.007]	[−0.124, −0.006]
Monthly total bed-days rate (per, 00 population)
Population-based	0.011	0.020	0.017	0.001
	[−0.017, 0.039]	[−0.012, 0.053]	[−0.019, 0.053]	[−0.029, 0.030]
Care home	0.013	0.019	0.013	0.008
	[−0.006, 0.032]	[−0.008, 0.046]	[−0.013, 0.039]	[−0.013, 0.029]

Notes: Figures represent estimated ${\beta }_j$ parameters of site and time fixed-effect specifications based on the balanced sample (223 sites: 31 population-based sites, 6 care home sites and 186 control sites) that use the full 24-months before implementation (see sub-Section 2.2 for details). Columns 2, 3 and 4 reported estimated net impact computed using a restricted post-intervention sample comprising 12, 12–24, 24–36 months after introduction. 95 % confidence intervals in brackets. Significance levels: * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01.