Ohira 2006.

Study characteristics
Methods	Study design: RCT Number randomized: 86; 43 to the exercise group and 43 to the delayed exercise control group Study start and stop dates: October 2001 to June 2002 Length of intervention: 6 months Length of follow‐up: to end of the intervention
Participants	Type cancer: breast cancer Cancer stage, n (%): exercise group: DCIS, 7 (18%); Stage I, 16 (43%); Stage II, 13 (34%); Stage III, 2 (5%) control Group: DCIS, 5 (12%); Stage I, 16 (39%); Stage II, 18 (44%); Stage III, 2 (5%) Time since cancer diagnosis, mean (range) years: exercise group: mean 1.73 (0.58 to 3.59) years control group:  mean 2.02 (0.44 to 11.42) years Time beyond active treatment, mean (range) years: exercise group: mean 1.21 (0.28 to 2.84) years control group: mean 1.09 (0.25 to 3.12) years Inclusion criteria: completed all treatment except hormonal therapy for breast cancer body weight stable within 10% over the past year nonsmokers for at least the past 2 years Eligibility criterion related to interest or ability to exercise, or both: sedentary to moderately physically active (no more than 3 sessions per week of no more than moderate‐intensity activity, no weight training history) Exclusion criteria: medical conditions prohibiting participation in a weight training program   morbidly obese (BMI > 40 kg/m2) hypertensive (systolic blood pressure > 160 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure > 99 mm Hg, or both) currently on a weight loss plan or planning to start a weight loss plan during the period of the study planning to move away from the area or be away from area for > 3 weeks during study not pregnant or lactating, or planning to become pregnant during the study period Gender: female Current age, mean (SD) years: exercise group: 53.3 (8.7) years control group: 52.8 (7.6) years Age at cancer diagnosis: not reported Ethnicity/race, n (%) Caucasian: exercise group: 39 (98%) Caucasian control group: 41 (100%) Caucasian Education level, n (%): exercise group: some college or vocational training, 8 (20%); college degree, 22 (55%); graduate or professional degree, 10 (25%) control group: some college or vocational training, 7 (17%); college degree, 22 (54%); graduate or professional degree, 12 (29%) SES: not reported Employment status: not reported Comorbidities: not reported Past exercise history: limited by eligibility criteria On hormone therapy, n (%): exercise group: tamoxifen, 30 (77%); anastozole 3 (8%); other 0 (0%) control group: tamoxifen 27 (66%); anastozole 5 (12%); other, 1 (2%) Other: postmenopausal, n (%): exercise group: postmenopausal, 34 (85%) control group: postmenopausal, 32 (78%)
Interventions	43 participants assigned to the exercise intervention, including: 9 common weight‐training exercises using variable resistance machines and free weights (for muscles of the chest, back, shoulders, and arms, buttocks, hips, and thighs) stretching exercises to perform before and after each weight‐training session Type exercise (aerobic/anaerobic): aerobic and anaerobic Intensity of experimental exercise intervention: not reported Frequency: twice per week Duration of sessions: not reported Duration of program: 6 months Total number of exercise sessions: maximum of 52 Format: started as supervised group (4 in a group); after 13 weeks, participants encouraged to work out with buddy(ies). Log sheets checked weekly by fitness trainer and if no data were recorded in 1 week, the fitness trainer called the participant Facility: gym facility Professionally led: certified fitness professional 43 participants assigned to control group, including: waiting list Adherence: baseline to 6 months, 1 participant attended < 80% of the sessions. From months 7 to 12, 14 exercise group participants attended < 70% of sessions Contamination of control group: not reported
Outcomes	Primary outcome: QoL and physiologic outcomes, including: CARES‐SF, which includes 59 items and 5 subscales for physical, psychosocial, medical interaction, marital, sexual, and other miscellaneous subscales. Items are assessed using a 5‐point Likert scale (0 = 'not at all', 1 = 'a little', 2 = 'a fair amount', 3 = 'much', 4 = 'very much') that queries the applicability of the problem/statement to the patient within the last month. Items of the CARES‐SF are combined into a global summary score. Both the global summary score and individual subscale scores range from 0 to 100 and lower scores indicate fewer problems weight height dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (for body composition), including skin pinch meter/scale standard blood panel upper and lower body strength assessed by 1‐RM, using the same machines trained on for 9 exercises depressive symptoms, measured with the CES‐D, a 20‐item questionnaire scored on a standard 4‐point scale (0 to 3) for each item, with a potential range of 0 to 60 Outcomes were measured at baseline and 6 months: exercise group: n = 43 at baseline, n = 39 at 6 months control group: n = 43 at baseline, n = 40 at 6 months Subgroup analyses: post hoc subgroup analyses, including postmenopausal status, baseline levels of sport and leisure physical activity, baseline level of energy intake (kilocalories), and 6‐month changes in physical activity and energy intake Adverse events: cancer recurrence: n = 4 total, 2 recurrences each in the exercise and control groups some limited musculoskeletal issues which were self resolving
Notes	Country: US Setting: Recreation center Funding: Susan G. Komen Foundation and grants to the UMN GCRC from the NIH
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	"Random number table"
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	"The randomization procedure used prevented investigators from influencing treatment allocation"
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Owing to the nature of the intervention, masking or blinding of study participants was not possible; however, it is unclear whether the lack of masking could influence the outcomes
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	"Measurement staff remained blinded until the end of the study, with the exception of the strength testing staff..."
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	High risk	4 participants lost to follow‐up in the exercise group, 2 due to recurrences and 2 due to withdrawals; 3 participants were lost to follow‐up in the control group, 2 due to recurrences and 1 due to withdrawal
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	There appears to be no selective reporting of outcomes
Other bias	Low risk	The trial appears to be free of other problems that could put it at a high risk of bias