Thorsen 2005.

Study characteristics
Methods	Study design: RCT Number randomized: 139; 69 to the exercise group and 70 to the control group Study start and stop dates: not reported Length of intervention: 14 weeks Length of follow‐up: to end of the intervention
Participants	Type cancer, n: lymphoma, 25; breast, 42; gynecologic, 24; testicular, 20 exercise group, n (%): breast, 21 (36%); gynecologic, 13 (22%); lymphoma, 14 (24%); testicular, 11 (19%) control group, n (%): breast, 21 (40%); gynecologic, 11 (21%); lymphoma, 11 (21%); testicular, 9 (17%) Time since cancer diagnosis: not reported Time beyond active treatment, mean (SD) days: 28 (9) days Inclusion criteria: primary treatment including chemotherapy for malignant lymphomas and breast, gynecologic, or testicular cancer discontinuation of treatment approximately 1 month before baseline evaluation 18 to 50 years old Eligibility criterion related to interest or ability to exercise, or both: none reported Exclusion criteria: major physical or mental comorbidity evidence of disease at the time of intervention geographical obstacles for repeated physical tests Gender, n (%): exercise group: male, 19 (32%); female, 40 (68%) control group: male, 17 (33%); female, 35 (67%) Current age, mean (SD) years: exercise group: 39.0 (8.4) years control group: 39.1 (8.6) years Age at cancer diagnosis: 39 years Ethnicity/race: not reported Education level: not reported SES: not reported Employment status: not reported Other, BMI, mean (SD) kg/m2: exercise group: 25.4 (.7) control group: 24.5 (3.6) Comorbidities: not reported Past exercise history: not reported On hormone therapy: not reported
Interventions	69 participants assigned to the exercise group, including: home supervised exercise program, including walking, cycling, jogging, and ball games Type exercise (aerobic/anaerobic): aerobic Intensity of experimental exercise intervention: 13 to 15 on Borg perceived exertion scale (where the score range from 6 to 20, and a value of 6 means no exertion at all and 20 means maximal exertion) and 60% to 70% of maximum HR if using a HR monitor Frequency: twice a week Duration of sessions: 30 minutes Duration of program: 14 weeks Total number of exercise sessions: 28 Format: individual Facility: home Professionally led: exercise instructor Adherence: 30 (51%) of participants reported being "physically active" during the treatment period Co‐intervention: none 70 participants were assigned to the control group, including: instructed to "be as physically active as they would have been if they were not informed about this study" Contamination of control group: 24 (46%) of participants reported being "physically active" during the treatment period
Outcomes	Primary outcome: physical outcome, measured by: change in cardiorespiratory fitness (maximum oxygen uptake), assessed by using the Åstrand‐Rhyming indirect bicycle ergometer test Secondary outcomes: QoL outcomes, including: mental distress, as assessed by the HADS, a self‐rating scale developed to screen for levels of anxiety and depression, particularly in somatically ill patients. HADS consists of 14 items, 7 items for anxiety and 7 items for depression. Each item is scored from 0 (not present) to 3 (maximally present). Total HADS score ranges from 0 to 21 for each subscale, where 0 means no anxiety or depression symptoms and 21 defines the maximum of mental distress. If less than 3 responses were missing on each subscale, they were inputted by the individual mean scale value EORTC QLQ‐C30, which comprise functional and symptom scales. The dimensions of physical function, emotional function, fatigue, and global QoL were considered in this trial. These scales were transferred to a 0 to 100 scale, which was calculated by using the scoring manual provided by the QLQ‐C30. For the physical function, emotional function, and global QoL scales, a higher score indicates better level of functioning, whereas increasing values on the fatigue scale indicate more symptoms  Outcomes were measured at baseline and 14 weeks: exercise group: n = 69 at baseline, n = 59 at 14 weeks control group: n = 70 baseline, n = 52 at 14 weeks Adverse events: none reported
Notes	Country: Norway Funding: Norwegian Foundation for Health and Rehabilitation and The Norwegian Cancer Society
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	"Computerized random assignment"
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	"The Norwegian Radium Hospital was responsible for computerized random assignment"
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Owing to the nature of the intervention, it was not possible to blind the participants; however, it is unclear whether the outcome was influenced by a lack of masking
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Study personnel and outcome assessors were not masked or blinded to the study interventions
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	High risk	Although the authors stated that the ITT analysis was used, 10 participants in the exercise group withdrew and 18 participants in the control group withdrew
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	There appears to be no selective reporting of outcomes
Other bias	Low risk	The trial appears to be free of other problems that could put it at a high risk of bias

1‐RM: 1‐repetition maximum; ACSM: American College of Sports Medicine; AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome; ALL: acute lymphoblastic leukemia; AML: acute myeloid leukemia; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; BES: Body Esteem Scale; BIQ: Body Image Questionnaire; BMI: body mass index; CARES‐SF: Cancer Rehabilitation Evaluation System Short Form; CCS: Canadian Cancer Society; CES‐D: Centers for Epidemiologic Studies ‐ Depression scale; CI: confidence interval; DCIS: ductal carcinoma in situ; ECOG: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; EORTC QLQ‐C30: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core Module; EWB: emotion well‐being; FACIT‐F: Functional Assessment in Chronic Illness Therapy ‐ Fatigue; FACIT‐Sp: Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy ‐ Spiritual; FACT‐An: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy ‐ Anemia; FACT‐B: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy ‐ Breast; FACT‐C: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy ‐ Colorectal; FACT‐Cog: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy ‐ Cognitive Function; FACT‐ES: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy ‐ Endocrine Symptoms; FACT‐F: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy ‐ Fatigue; FACT‐G: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy ‐ General; FACT‐Lym: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy ‐ Lymphoma; FACT‐Sp: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy ‐ Spirituality; FWB: functional well‐being; GED: General Education Diploma; GVHD: graft‐versus‐host disease; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HL: Hodgkin lymphoma; HNC: head and neck cancer; HR: heart rate; HRQoL: health‐related quality of life; HSCT: hematopoietic stem cell transplant; ITT: intention to treat; KPS: Karnofsky Performance Status; LASA: Linear Analog Self‐Assessment; LSI: Leisure Score Index; MAC: Mental Adjustment to Cancer; MFI: Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory; MOS SF‐12: Medical Outcomes 12‐Item Short Form Health Survey; MOS SF‐36: Medical Outcomes 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey; MCS: mental component status; MFSI‐SF: Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory Short Form; NCIC: National Cancer Institute of Canada; NHL: non‐Hodgkin lymphoma; NIH: National Institutes of Health; NYHA: New York Heart Association; PANAS: Positive and Negative Affect Schedule; PCS: physical component status; POMS: Profile of Moods Scale; PRET: progressive resistance exercise training; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PWB: physical well‐being; QoL: quality of life; RCT: randomized controlled trial; ROM: range of motion; rPAR‐Q: revised Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire; RPE: ratings of perceived exertion; RSE: Rosenberg Self‐Esteem; SCFC: Schwartz Cancer Fatigue Scale; SCL‐90‐R: Symptom Checklist‐90 Revised; SD: standard deviation; SES: socioeconomic status; SFT: Submaximal Fitness Test; SOSI: Symptoms of Stress Inventory; SPADI: Shoulder Pain and Disability Index; SPAS‐7: Social Physique Anxiety Scale‐7 items; STAI: State‐Trait Anxiety Index; SWB: social/family well‐being; SWLS: Satisfaction with Life Scale; TOI: Trial Outcome Index; TOI‐An: Trial Outcome Index ‐ Anemia; TTM: Trans Theoretical Model; WOMAC: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index.