Table 1:
Characteristics of U.S. adults with CKD by estimated 5-year kidney failure risk, NHANES 1999–2016.
| Characteristic | estimated 5-year kidney failure risk | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <2% | 2%<5% | 5%–<15% | ≥15% | ||
| No. of participants | 2,818 | 423 | 258 | 214 | |
| Mean Age | 71 (71, 72) | 73 (71, 74) | 71 (69, 73) | 67 (64, 69) | 0.2 |
| Women | 60.4 (58.3, 62.5) | 58.6 (53.1, 64.2) | 50.5 (44.0, 57.0) | 46.7 (38.1, 55.1) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | <0.001 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 84.0 (81.9, 86.0) | 74.9 (70.2, 79.6) | 71.9 (65.5, 78.2) | 57.8 (48.8, 66.8) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 7.6 (6.4, 8.8) | 12.1 (9.1, 15.1) | 13.3 (9.2, 17.5) | 20.4 (14.5, 26.3) | |
| Mexican-American | 2.0 (1.4, 2.6) | 3.9 (2.4, 5.3) | 4.9 (2.1, 7.7) | 8.9 (4.9, 12.8) | |
| Other Hispanic | 3.0 (1.8, 4.2) | 2.6 (1.0, 4.1) | 3.7 (1.6, 5.9) | 3.9 (1.2, 6.6) | |
| Other | 3.5 (2.6, 4.3) | 6.6 (3.0, 10.2) | 6.2 (2.4, 10.1) | 9.0 (2.2, 15.8) | |
| Health insurance, any | 96.3 (95.3, 97.2) | 95.5 (92.5, 98.5) | 95.3 (92.6, 98.0) | 95.0 (90.9, 99.0) | 0.8 |
| Private insurance | 61.2 (58.3, 64.2) | 58.0 (51.7, 64.5) | 49.0 (41.2, 56.9) | 48.9 (40.4, 57.3) | 0.002 |
| Medicare | 70.9 (68.3, 73.6) | 75.6 (69.9, 81.4) | 72.9 (65.5, 80.4) | 68.2 (59.9, 76.6) | 0.4 |
| Medicaid | 6.6 (5.4, 7.8) | 11.7 (7.9, 15.4) | 12.5 (6.9, 18.0) | 14.4 (8.6, 20.3) | <0.001 |
| Reported a routine site of care | 96.8 (96.0, 97.6) | 96.0 (93.6, 98.5) | 97.9 (96.2, 99.7) | 98.6 (97.0, 100.0) | 0.4 |
| High school education or above | 75.3 (73.0, 77.7) | 67.0 (61.3, 72.7) | 63.4 (57.5, 70.4) | 66.0 (58.6, 73.5) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker | 18.7 (15.8, 21.6) | 22.6 (15.8, 29.4) | 20.3 (11.4, 29.2) | 26.4 (16.2, 36.6) | 0.3 |
| Obesity | 36.2 (34.3, 38.1) | 41.7 (34.4, 49.1) | 49.5 (41.3, 57.8) | 52.0 (43.1, 61.0) | <0.001 |
| Family history of diabetes | 39.6 (37.2, 41.9) | 43.6 (37.6, 49.7) | 43.3 (35.5, 51.0) | 61.9 (53.6, 70.2) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 22.6 (20.7, 24.5) | 37.8 (31.6, 44.1) | 46.4 (39.5, 53.3) | 55.6 (46.2, 65.0) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 80.3 (77.9, 82.6) | 92.4 (88.6, 96.2) | 94.8 (91.9, 97.8) | 92.9 (87.9, 98.0) | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 12.5 (10.9, 14.0) | 18.7 (14.0, 23.5) | 22.3 (16.0, 28.6) | 27.6 (19.5, 35.7) | <0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 10.6 (9.1, 12.1) | 17.1 (13.0, 21.2) | 24.2 (18.2, 30.2) | 27.8 (19.9, 35.8) | <0.001 |
| CKD GFR category | <0.001 | ||||
| G3a | 84.8 (83.4, 86.3) | 19.5 (15.1, 24.0) | 7.4 (3.5, 11.2) | 0 | |
| G3b | 15.2 (13.7, 16.6) | 69.0 (63.1, 74.9) | 54.6 (47.3, 61.8) | 34.2 (25.7, 42.7) | |
| G4 | 0 | 11.5 (7.3, 15.7) | 38.1 (31.1, 45.1) | 65.8 (57.3, 74.3) | |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2)* | 52 (6) | 39 (8) | 33 (8) | 26 (8) | <0.001 |
| UACR (mg/g)** | 9 (5, 22) | 41 (13, 135) | 63 (34, 330) | 934 (322, 2763) | <0.001 |
Values in parentheses are 95% confidence intervals.
*
Mean +/− standard deviation
**
median [interquartile range]
Reported figures are adjusted for complex survey design used by NHANES to estimate nationally representative results.
Obesity defined as body mass index ≥30 kg/m2.
CKD = chronic kidney disease; NHANES = National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; SD = standard deviation; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate, calculated by Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation; UACR = urinary albumin-creatinine ratio