Table 3.
Summary of associations of maternal o,p’-DDT quartiles with multiple adiposity measures in middle-aged daughters of the CHDS cohort.
| Parameters | Waist Circumference (WC)1 | Body Mass Index (BMI)2 | Overweight/Obesity from measured WC3 | Overweight/Obesity from measured BMI4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N Subjects | 313 | 311 | 313 | 311 |
| Exposure distribution | Quartile categories | Quartile categories | Quartile categories | Quartile categories |
| Outcome distribution | Continuous | Continuous | Categorical | Categorical |
| Estimate | Beta (95% CI) | Beta (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) |
| Model 15 | ||||
| Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| 5.36 (0.65, 10.1) | 1.83 (−0.27, 3.92) | 1.00 (0.997, 1.006) | 1.41 (1.002, 1.98) | |
| 4.95 (0.14, 9.76) | 1.82 (−0.32, 3.96) | 1.11 (0.95, 1.30) | 1.30 (0.94, 1.80) | |
| 5.58 (0.97, 10.2) | 3.02 (0.98, 5.06) | 1.11 (0.95, 1.30) | 1.54 (1.13, 2.09) | |
| Model 26 | ||||
| Ref | Ref | Ref | Convergence issue | |
| 5.84 (1.29, 10.4) | 2.03 (−0.001, 4.06) | 1.00 (0.997, 1.007) | ||
| 5.56 (0.91, 10.21) | 2.09 (0.02, 4.16) | 1.11 (0.96, 1.30) | ||
| 4.67 (0.16, 9.17) | 2.69 (0.69, 4.69) | 1.11 (0.96, 1.29) | ||
| Model 37 | ||||
| Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| 5.32 (0.92, 9.73) | 1.74 (−0.20, 3.68) | 0.99 (0.89, 1.09) | 1.25 (0.95, 1.66) | |
| 5.12 (0.59, 9.65) | 1.93 (−0.06, 3.93) | 1.14 (0.98, 1.33) | 1.22 (0.90, 1.65) | |
| 4.73 (0.35, 9.11) | 2.77 (0.86, 4.69) | 1.12 (0.93, 1.36) | 1.42 (1.08, 1.87) |
Beta=model coefficient, RR=Relative Risk, 95% CI=95% Confidence Interval
Association of waist circumference (cm, continuous) with o,p’-DDT (quartiles 2, 3 and 4 vs. quartile 1) was estimated from a mixed linear regression model.
Association of BMI (kg/m2, continuous) with o,p’-DDT (quartiles 2,3 and 4 vs. quartile 1) was estimated from a mixed linear regression model.
Waist circumference was coded as a 3-category outcome variable representing waist circumference ≤79 cm, 80–87 cm and ≥88 cm. Associations with waist circumference were estimated using a generalized log-linear multinomial model.
Body mass index reported in column 6 was based on measured height and weight and in column 7 was based on self-reported heaviest weight. Both BMI measures were coded as a 3-category outcome variables representing BMI <25, 25–29, and ≥30 kg/m2. Associations with BMI were estimated using a generalized log-linear multinomial model.
Model 1 includes o,p’-DDT coded as 3 dummy variables representing quartiles 2, 3 and 4 vs. quartile 1 as the reference.
Model 2 includes o,p’-DDT coded as 3 dummy variables representing quartiles 2, 3 and 4 vs. quartile 1 as the reference and is adjusted for mothers of subjects’ characteristics: pre-pregnancy BMI (<25, 25–29, ≥30 kg/m2), education (<high school, ≥high school), foreign birthplace (yes, no); and, study subjects’ characteristic: menopause (none, any).
Model 3 includes o,p’-DDT coded as 3 dummy variables representing quartiles 2, 3 and 4 vs. quartile 1 as the reference and is adjusted for mothers of subjects’ characteristics: pre-pregnancy BMI (<25, 25–29, ≥30 kg/m2), education (<high school, ≥high school), foreign birthplace (yes, no); and, study subjects’ characteristics: menopause (none, any), exercise (continuous hours/week) and physician-diagnosed and medicated thyroid condition (yes, no). This model not provided for historically highest BMI since that outcome precedes several of these characteristics.