Table 1.
GM Modulators That Promote Neuro-resilience
| Theraputic Agent | Effect | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prebiotics | Fructooligosaccharides | Increase GM diversity, reduced inflammation | [127] |
| Isolichenan | Improves cognitive function | [134] | |
| Catechin | Stimulates the growth of beneficial probiotic bacteria while inhibiting pathogenic bacteria | [136] | |
| Galactooligosaccharides | Increase GM diversity | [127] | |
| Probiotics | Lactobacillus casei shirota | Decreases pathogentic bacteria in PD | [138], [139] |
| Bacillus subtilis PXN21 | Clears α-syn aggregates | [143] | |
| Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 | Improved innate immune response in elderly individuals | [142] | |
| Lactobacillus spp. | Improved cognitive function, reduced inflammation | [89], [144] | |
| Bifidobacterium spp. | Lowered levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-5, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-8 | [89] | |
| Synbiotics | Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum, Bifidobacteria longum spp. infantis and Triphala | Increased survivability, motility, and reduced amyloid-beta deposition | [147] |
| Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium lactis, and oligofructose | Increase abundance and diversity of the GM in elderly individuals | [148] | |
| Bifidobacteria longum and a inulin based prebiotic Synergy1 | Reduced inflammation | [149] | |
| Metabolites | Propionic acid | Ameliorates MS pathology by increasing anti-inflammatory Tregs in the gut. Inhibits amyloid-beta aggregates. | [124], [135] |
| Dihydrocaffeic acid | Decreases inflammation | [153] | |
| Gallic acid | Inhibits amyloid-beta aggregation and amyloid fibrils. Scavenges free radicals. | [147] | |
| Malvidin-3′-O-glucoside | Improves cognitive resilience and neuronal plasticity | [153] | |
| Vanillic acid | Reduces neuroinflammation and oxidative damage | [147] | |
| Resveratrol | Attenuates LPS induced microglial activation and immune responses. Regulates inflammasome. | [156] | |
| Grape derived proanthocyanidins, stilbenes, anthocyanins, and flavonols | Inhibit pathogen growth, promote GM diversity and abundance. Act as antioxidants. | [136], [147] | |
| Epigallocatechin-3-gallate | Improves cognition, regulates processing of amyloid precursor proteins | [134] | |
| Curcumin | Reduces LPS induced inflammation | [134] | |
| Ferluic acid | Protects against oxidative stress, stimulates neurogenesis. | [48] | |
| Valeric acid and Butyric acid | Inhibits amyloid-beta aggregates. | [135] | |
| 3-hydroxybenzoic acid | Inhibit both α-syn and amyloid-beta aggregation | [155] | |