Bhagwanjee 1990.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	24 women Inclusion criteria: healthy, term parturients undergoing elective CS. Exclusion criteria: placental dysfunction, intrauterine growth retardation, abnormal fetal presentation, weight more than 90 kg Setting: South Africa
Interventions	Lower limb compression versus control Group 1: legs wrapped with 10 cm Esmarch bandages from ankle to mid‐thigh immediately following spinal with preservation of pedal pulses Group 2: control All women received standardised IV preload with plasmalyte followed by a standardised spinal anaesthetic technique and dose
Outcomes	Maternal: hypotension; spinal to birth time; uterine incision to birth time Neonatal: Apgar scores (minus colour) at 2 min and 5 min; umbilical arterial and venous blood gas oxygen tension and saturation
Notes	Hypotension defined as SBP < 100 mmHg or less than 80% baseline
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not reported
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not reported
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Blinding not reported – unlikely due to nature of intervention (leg wrapping)
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	As above
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Losses to follow‐up: not reported
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Most expected outcomes reported
Other bias	Low risk	Similar baseline characteristics. None apparent