Cardoso 2004a.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	50 women Inclusion criteria: term singleton pregnancies, ASA I, undergoing caesarean under spinal anaesthesia Exclusion criteria: chronic hypertension, gestation‐induced hypertension, cardiovascular or vascular brain disease, known fetal abnormalities and women with total or partial spinal anaesthesia failure Setting:Brazil
Interventions	Colloid versus crystalloid preload: Group 1: received preload of modified fluid gelatin, 10 mL/kg Group 2: received preload of Ringer's lactate, 10 mL/kg All women received a standardised spinal anaesthetic technique and dose and standardised uterine displacement.
Outcomes	Maternal: hypotension; nausea; vomiting; vasopressor consumption Neonatal: cord blood (presented as mean and SD); Apgar < 7 at 5 min
Notes	Hypotension was defined as decreases of more than 10% or more than 20% of baseline SBP.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	"Randomly allocated": method not described
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	"Drawing of closed envelopes"
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	"Double blind" – no further details
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	"Double blind" – no further details
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	No losses to follow‐up
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	High risk	Minimal results reporting: outcomes reported as means and SD only
Other bias	Low risk	Similar baseline characteristics