Carvalho 2000.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	120 women Inclusion/exclusion criteria: not available as whole paper was not translated Setting: Brazil
Interventions	Ephedrine bolus + infusion versus ephedrine infusion alone versus rescue bolus of ephedrine only Group 1: ephedrine 10 mg in bolus followed by continuous infusion of 2 mg/min until birth Group 2: ephedrine 8 mg/min for 3 min, followed by 4 mg/min for 2 min, then 2 mg/min until birth Group 3: control: Ringer's lactate preload and rescue bolus of ephedrine in case of hypotension All women received a standardised preload of Ringer's lactate and standardised spinal anaesthetic technique and dose.
Outcomes	Maternal: hypotension; nausea; vomiting; hypertension requiring intervention Neonatal: umbilical artery pH; Apgar < 8 at 5 min
Notes	Hypotension defined as SBP < 80% of baseline Abstract only
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Method of randomisation not reported
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not reported
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not reported
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not reported
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Losses to follow‐up: 2/120 for cord blood pH measurement (in the ephedrine infusion group)
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Not reported
Other bias	Unclear risk	Not reported