Chohedri 2007.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	60 women Inclusion criteria: ASA I‐II ambulatory pregnant women for whom elective caesarean with spinal anaesthesia was planned (no instances of fetal distress) Setting: Iran
Interventions	Ephedrine: comparison of different routes of administration Group 1: oral ephedrine, 25 mg administered before spinal Group 2: IM injection of ephedrine, 25 mg, 30 min before spinal Group 3: IV bolus of ephedrine, 25 mg in 2 mL injected over a 1‐min period, immediately after spinal induction All women received a standardised 20 mL/kg preload of Ringer's lactate solution and a standardised spinal anaesthetic technique. The anaesthetic dose was increased from 60 mg lidocaine to 70 mg lidocaine if the woman's height was > 160 cm. Hypotension requiring intervention was managed with 10 mg ephedrine IV bolus increments every min until SBP returned to normal (> 100 mmHg and > 70% baseline).
Outcomes	Maternal: hypotension; hypertension (increase of 30% from baseline); heart rate (tachycardia increase of 30% from baseline), nausea Neonatal: Apgar scores
Notes	Hypertension was defined as an increase in BP by 30% from baseline. Tachycardia was defined as an increase in heart rate of 30% from baseline.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not reported
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	"[R]andomly divided into three equal groups of 20"
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	"Double blind" – no further detail provided
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	"Double blind" – no further detail provided
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	None reported
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Not all expected outcomes were reported, e.g. only 1 neonatal outcome reported in a way that could not be used in this review
Other bias	Low risk	No apparent source of other bias