Grubb 2004.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	24 women Inclusion criteria: pregnant women scheduled for elective caesarean
Interventions	Ephedrine versus control Group 1: ephedrine, 50 mg IM Group 2: saline IM Study drugs administered prior to spinal anaesthetic All women received standardised volume loading and a standardised spinal anaesthetic technique and dose followed by standardised surgical positioning.
Outcomes	Maternal: hypotension; nausea
Notes	Hypotension was defined as defined as SBP < 70% baseline or < 90 mmHg
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Methods not described
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Methods not described
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Blinding: described as "double‐blind placebo‐controlled" – no further details
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	As above
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Losses to follow‐up: not stated but losses unlikely
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	None apparent
Other bias	Low risk	None apparent