Idehen 2014.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	70 women Inclusion criteria: elective CS, ASA I or II Exclusion criteria: multiple pregnancy, weight > 115 kg, height < 150 cm, diabetes mellitus, hypertensive diseases in pregnancy intra‐uterine death, age < 18 years or > 40 years, patients on diuretics, contraindication to central neuraxial blockade Setting: Nigeria
Interventions	Combination crystalloid/colloid preload versus crystalloid preload Group 1: 1000 mL crystalloid/colloid (6% pentastarch/Ringer's lactate, 750 mL/250 mL) combination IV preload Group 2: 500 mL colloid (6% pentastarch) IV preload Women in both groups received the same aspiration prophylaxis, IV cannulation, spinal anaesthesia technique and dose. Hypotension treated with 3 mg aliquots of ephedrine and rapid infusion of fluid.
Outcomes	Maternal: incidence of hypotension, ephedrine requirement, nausea and vomiting, maximum block height, blood loss, urine output Neonatal: Apgar scores at 1 min and 5 min, birth asphyxia, meconium aspiration
Notes	Hypotension defined as SBP < 80% of baseline
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Blind balloting
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not reported, but double‐blinding
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Syringes were preloaded and wrapped
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Investigator who assessed the outcomes was blinded
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	None reported
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	None apparent
Other bias	Low risk	None apparent