Imam 2012.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	90 women Inclusion criteria: ASA I‐II, elective CS under spinal anaesthesia Setting: Pakistan
Interventions	Crystalloid preload versus ephedrine alone versus combination of preload + ephedrine Group 1 (crystalloid group): fluid preload with Ringer's solution 20 mL/kg over 10‐15 min prior to intrathecal injection Group 2 (ephedrine group): IV ephedrine 0.25 mg/kg immediately after intrathecal injection Group 3 (combination group): fluid preload with Ringer's solution 20 mL/kg over 10‐15 min preceding intrathecal injection plus ephedrine 0.25 mg/kg immediately after intrathecal injection Spinal anaesthesia technique was not described.
Outcomes	Maternal: hypotension, nausea and vomiting
Notes	Hypotension was not defined. It was not clear if they were assessing systolic, diastolic or mean BPs.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	States "randomised" but no elaboration
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not reported
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	States "blind" but no elaboration
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	States "blind" but no elaboration
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	None reported
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	None apparent
Other bias	Low risk	None apparent