Jorgensen 2000.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	120 women Exclusion criteria: pre‐eclampsia, arterial hypertension or multiple pregnancy Setting: Denmark
Interventions	Warm versus cold crystalloid preload Group 1: cold (21 degrees centigrade 0.9% saline preload) Group 2: warm (37 degrees centigrade saline preload) All women received a standardised spinal anaesthetic technique and dose as well as 5 mg IV ephedrine after spinal injection.
Outcomes	Maternal: hypotension; heart rate; arm discomfort; shivering; nausea; vomiting
Notes	Hypotension was defined as < 70% decrease in SAP from baseline or 100 mmHg or less.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Randomisation: "computer generation"
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Allocation concealment: "sealed envelopes"
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Blinding: not double‐blinded
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Blinding: not double‐blinded
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Losses to follow‐up: 7/120 women were withdrawn from study, 2 because of failed spinal anaesthesia, 1 because of violation of selection criteria, and 5 because of protocol violations
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	None apparent
Other bias	Low risk	None apparent