Kohler 2002.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	100 women Inclusion criteria: healthy women (ASA I or II) scheduled for elective CS under spinal anaesthesia Exclusion criteria: pre‐eclampsia, arterial hypertension, gestational age less than 38 weeks or multiple pregnancy
Interventions	Supine versus sitting positioning after spinal anaesthesia Group 1: modified supine (tilted 10 degrees to left) after spinal Group 2: sitting position for 3 min after spinal before modified supine (n = 52) All women received 200‐300 mL isotonic saline given before spinal, then an additional 15 mL/kg after a standardised spinal anaesthetic technique and dose.
Outcomes	Maternal: hypotension; BP; nausea; vomiting; pain; level of anaesthesia; rescue with ephedrine; time from injection to birth; time from incision to birth Neonatal: umbilical arterial and venous blood; Apgar scores at 1 min and 5 min; time to sustained respiration; birthweight
Notes	Hypotension was defined as SBP < 70% of baseline or < 100 mmHg
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Computer‐generated codes
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Adequate: "assignments were kept in sealed sequentially‐numbered opaque envelopes"
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Blinding: not mentioned
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Blinding: "haemodynamic data were transferred to a database by a person blind to which group the woman had been allocated"
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Losses to follow‐up: 2/100 – 1 because of electrical power failure and 1 because of violation of selection criteria
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	None apparent
Other bias	Low risk	None apparent